Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy metabolism, with GALP-containing neurons forming networks with several feeding-regulating peptide-containing neurons. The effects of GALP on food intake and body weight are co ...
... GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy metabolism, with GALP-containing neurons forming networks with several feeding-regulating peptide-containing neurons. The effects of GALP on food intake and body weight are co ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... “signature” by which an odorant may be identified. The electrical signals generated by the receptor neurons are processed in several stages; the signals travel first to the olfactory bulb, located in the pre-brain, then to the olfactory cortex, and finally to other regions of the brain. Processing a ...
... “signature” by which an odorant may be identified. The electrical signals generated by the receptor neurons are processed in several stages; the signals travel first to the olfactory bulb, located in the pre-brain, then to the olfactory cortex, and finally to other regions of the brain. Processing a ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... orobranchial region in the fish serves as a source of exteroceptive information (Bullock et al., '77) because of the respiratory flow of water (the environmental medium) over the orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral informa ...
... orobranchial region in the fish serves as a source of exteroceptive information (Bullock et al., '77) because of the respiratory flow of water (the environmental medium) over the orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral informa ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... to reflect the operation of a contiguity learning rule, subsequently referred to as Hebbian-learning. As one might expect, this proposed that S–R learning is governed by contiguous activation of sensory and motor processes (Hebb, 1949). On a pure contiguity account (Guthrie, 1935) that is all that i ...
... to reflect the operation of a contiguity learning rule, subsequently referred to as Hebbian-learning. As one might expect, this proposed that S–R learning is governed by contiguous activation of sensory and motor processes (Hebb, 1949). On a pure contiguity account (Guthrie, 1935) that is all that i ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... (Fig. 1d), in particular in the medial septum, where almost no ChAT-positive cells were detected. The stereological analysis revealed that the total number of BFCNs in anti-NGF mice was 2,538 ⫾ 204, whereas in control mice, 6,400 ⫾ 300 (P ⬍ 0.001), an overall reduction of 60%. In the medial septum, ...
... (Fig. 1d), in particular in the medial septum, where almost no ChAT-positive cells were detected. The stereological analysis revealed that the total number of BFCNs in anti-NGF mice was 2,538 ⫾ 204, whereas in control mice, 6,400 ⫾ 300 (P ⬍ 0.001), an overall reduction of 60%. In the medial septum, ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... wavelength (Omega Optical, Brattleboro, V T) and viewed with a Z eiss 10⫻ water immersion lens giving a field of view of 775 m. Quantitative optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors ...
... wavelength (Omega Optical, Brattleboro, V T) and viewed with a Z eiss 10⫻ water immersion lens giving a field of view of 775 m. Quantitative optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... lGnRH-III but not by mGnRH, whereas the axons in the median eminence were eliminated by lGnRH-III but only slightly reduced by absorption with mGnRH. Using an antiserum against cGnRH-II that visualized cGnRH-II neurons in the chicken hypothalamus, no such neurons could be visualized in the rat hypot ...
... lGnRH-III but not by mGnRH, whereas the axons in the median eminence were eliminated by lGnRH-III but only slightly reduced by absorption with mGnRH. Using an antiserum against cGnRH-II that visualized cGnRH-II neurons in the chicken hypothalamus, no such neurons could be visualized in the rat hypot ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... In the third main section, we apply NTVA to a wide range of findings from single-cell studies of attentional effects on visual representations in primates. The findings include attentional effects with multiple stimuli in the RF of the recorded neuron, effects with a single stimulus in the RF, and e ...
... In the third main section, we apply NTVA to a wide range of findings from single-cell studies of attentional effects on visual representations in primates. The findings include attentional effects with multiple stimuli in the RF of the recorded neuron, effects with a single stimulus in the RF, and e ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... synapses are strengthened, making them even more effective, and ineffective synapses are weakened, making them less so. This tends to destabilize postsynaptic firing rates, reducing them to zero or increasing them excessively. An effective way of controlling this instability is to augment Hebbian mo ...
... synapses are strengthened, making them even more effective, and ineffective synapses are weakened, making them less so. This tends to destabilize postsynaptic firing rates, reducing them to zero or increasing them excessively. An effective way of controlling this instability is to augment Hebbian mo ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... display a range of effects upon cortical thinning and neuronal loss between sensory and motor cortex (Bible et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 1999; Mitchison et al., 1999; Pontikis et al., 2004). Our analysis of these regions in homozygous Cln3 Dex7/8 mice also revealed different degrees of cortical thin ...
... display a range of effects upon cortical thinning and neuronal loss between sensory and motor cortex (Bible et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 1999; Mitchison et al., 1999; Pontikis et al., 2004). Our analysis of these regions in homozygous Cln3 Dex7/8 mice also revealed different degrees of cortical thin ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Rubel, 1984). These results are often interpreted as indicating a role for afferent activity in maintaining dendrites, but these afferents could instead contribute activity-independent trophic support. However, more physiological manipulations of activity, such as unilaterally plugging an ear, also ...
... Rubel, 1984). These results are often interpreted as indicating a role for afferent activity in maintaining dendrites, but these afferents could instead contribute activity-independent trophic support. However, more physiological manipulations of activity, such as unilaterally plugging an ear, also ...
Unraveling the Genetics of Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathies
... reflexes, and mild-to-moderate sensory impairment including pain weakness of the lower limbs. Two patients had weakness and atrophy in both distal and proximal muscles of the lower limbs (Tang et al., 2004). The CMT2L locus overlaps with the distal HMN-II interval indicating that both disorders migh ...
... reflexes, and mild-to-moderate sensory impairment including pain weakness of the lower limbs. Two patients had weakness and atrophy in both distal and proximal muscles of the lower limbs (Tang et al., 2004). The CMT2L locus overlaps with the distal HMN-II interval indicating that both disorders migh ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... spanning the layers of the somatosensory cortex, which contains cells responsive to only a single modality, such as deep joint receptors or cutaneous receptors. Subsequently, examples of columns have been uncovered in numerous cortical areas, expanding the original concept to embrace a variety of di ...
... spanning the layers of the somatosensory cortex, which contains cells responsive to only a single modality, such as deep joint receptors or cutaneous receptors. Subsequently, examples of columns have been uncovered in numerous cortical areas, expanding the original concept to embrace a variety of di ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... this high performance is poorly understood. Two extreme alternatives can be considered: either a ‘‘labeled-line’’ principle, in which subtle changes in face images lead to activation of differently tuned neuronal populations, or a coarse coding principle, where the high face selectivity is coded by ...
... this high performance is poorly understood. Two extreme alternatives can be considered: either a ‘‘labeled-line’’ principle, in which subtle changes in face images lead to activation of differently tuned neuronal populations, or a coarse coding principle, where the high face selectivity is coded by ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
... determination methods for axolotls do not exist. In future studies, it may be beneficial to raise all specimens into adulthood, and divide the animals up by sex to process the data. Of course, further perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also occur in older animals, or conver ...
... determination methods for axolotls do not exist. In future studies, it may be beneficial to raise all specimens into adulthood, and divide the animals up by sex to process the data. Of course, further perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also occur in older animals, or conver ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... (Fig. 2), and this distribution has been confirmed in human tissue (Elias et al., 1998). These cells diffusely project to the entire neuroaxis, excluding the cerebellum (Peyron et al., 1998; Date et al., 1999; Nambu et al., 1999) (Fig. 2). This anatomical structure suggests that the activity of orex ...
... (Fig. 2), and this distribution has been confirmed in human tissue (Elias et al., 1998). These cells diffusely project to the entire neuroaxis, excluding the cerebellum (Peyron et al., 1998; Date et al., 1999; Nambu et al., 1999) (Fig. 2). This anatomical structure suggests that the activity of orex ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... reticular brainstem core is characterized foremost by loosely arranged small and medium-sized neurons. The main exception occurs in the central parts of the upper medulla and lower pons, where a significant number of large cells intermingle with small and medium sized cells. This region is referred ...
... reticular brainstem core is characterized foremost by loosely arranged small and medium-sized neurons. The main exception occurs in the central parts of the upper medulla and lower pons, where a significant number of large cells intermingle with small and medium sized cells. This region is referred ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... A Fourier analysis was used to identify voxels activated by the tasks (Bandettini et al. 1993; Engel et al. 1997). For each voxel, the amplitude and phase—the temporal delay relative to the stimulus onset— of the harmonic at the stimulus frequency was determined by a Fourier transform of the mean ti ...
... A Fourier analysis was used to identify voxels activated by the tasks (Bandettini et al. 1993; Engel et al. 1997). For each voxel, the amplitude and phase—the temporal delay relative to the stimulus onset— of the harmonic at the stimulus frequency was determined by a Fourier transform of the mean ti ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... and parvocellular signals. We have examined this hypothesis directly by recording the responses of cortical neurons while selectively blocking responses in the magnocellular or parvocellular layers of the LGN. Responses were recorded from single units or multiunit clusters in the middle temporal vis ...
... and parvocellular signals. We have examined this hypothesis directly by recording the responses of cortical neurons while selectively blocking responses in the magnocellular or parvocellular layers of the LGN. Responses were recorded from single units or multiunit clusters in the middle temporal vis ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made from functionally identified motoneurons and the synaptic input to these neurons from specific groups of spindle afferent fibers can be elicited by stimulation of individual musclenerves. These synaptic connectionshave beenwell studiedin a number ...
... stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made from functionally identified motoneurons and the synaptic input to these neurons from specific groups of spindle afferent fibers can be elicited by stimulation of individual musclenerves. These synaptic connectionshave beenwell studiedin a number ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted disruptions of the balance (10, 11). Although the excitatory-inhibitory balance plays an important role for stability and information processing in cortical networks, it is not understood by ...
... counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted disruptions of the balance (10, 11). Although the excitatory-inhibitory balance plays an important role for stability and information processing in cortical networks, it is not understood by ...