Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... For that reason, visual object recognition operates not on specific combinations of individual pixels, but rather on complex constructs involving several layers of processing leading from pixels to lines on to phase-invariant lines and all the way to faces and other objects. Something similar is tru ...
... For that reason, visual object recognition operates not on specific combinations of individual pixels, but rather on complex constructs involving several layers of processing leading from pixels to lines on to phase-invariant lines and all the way to faces and other objects. Something similar is tru ...
Course Content - Neurological Society of India
... “Also to all Neurology residents, who may know more but still fall short of practicing this important component of Neurology.” ...
... “Also to all Neurology residents, who may know more but still fall short of practicing this important component of Neurology.” ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... 2D). Once the axon arrived in the olfactory bulb, it bifurcated into two axonal branches, a and b. Downstream, each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into a ...
... 2D). Once the axon arrived in the olfactory bulb, it bifurcated into two axonal branches, a and b. Downstream, each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into a ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... present in many vertebrates, this sensory system responds to pheromones. It is distinct from the olfactory system proper, containing a separate set of receptor neurons in the nose, located in a pair of structures known as the vomeronasal organ (also known as Jacobson’s organ). It is controversial wh ...
... present in many vertebrates, this sensory system responds to pheromones. It is distinct from the olfactory system proper, containing a separate set of receptor neurons in the nose, located in a pair of structures known as the vomeronasal organ (also known as Jacobson’s organ). It is controversial wh ...
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
... All recordings were obtained from putative DA neurons identified by their pharmacological, physiological, and cytochemical properties. Specifically, spontaneous firing of VTA neurons was first recorded with the loose-patch cell-attached configuration. The depression of spontaneous firing by 0.2 mM q ...
... All recordings were obtained from putative DA neurons identified by their pharmacological, physiological, and cytochemical properties. Specifically, spontaneous firing of VTA neurons was first recorded with the loose-patch cell-attached configuration. The depression of spontaneous firing by 0.2 mM q ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... Auditory information may reach the amygdala either directly from the auditory thalamus or indirectly via thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections. The “high route/low route” hypothesis has thus been proposed, which claims that the cortical pathway (“high route”) is crucial for discrimination between fea ...
... Auditory information may reach the amygdala either directly from the auditory thalamus or indirectly via thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections. The “high route/low route” hypothesis has thus been proposed, which claims that the cortical pathway (“high route”) is crucial for discrimination between fea ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... than whiskers. The transection also resulted in ectopic receptive fields of V2 VPM neurons and extraterritorial pain behavior on the uninjured mandibular region of the face. The anatomical remodeling, emergence of ectopic receptive fields, and extraterritorial pain behavior all concomitantly develop ...
... than whiskers. The transection also resulted in ectopic receptive fields of V2 VPM neurons and extraterritorial pain behavior on the uninjured mandibular region of the face. The anatomical remodeling, emergence of ectopic receptive fields, and extraterritorial pain behavior all concomitantly develop ...
Bipolar Cell
... • The eyes are suspended in the orbits, bony pockets in the front of the skull. • They are held in place and moved by six extraocular muscles attached to the tough, white outer coat of the eye called the sclera. (See Figure 6.3.) • Normally, we cannot look behind our eyeballs and see these muscles, ...
... • The eyes are suspended in the orbits, bony pockets in the front of the skull. • They are held in place and moved by six extraocular muscles attached to the tough, white outer coat of the eye called the sclera. (See Figure 6.3.) • Normally, we cannot look behind our eyeballs and see these muscles, ...
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Flexible Categorization
... Items are categorized differently depending on the behavioral context. For instance, a lion can be categorized as an African animal or a type of cat. We recorded lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity while monkeys switched between categorizing the same image set along two different categor ...
... Items are categorized differently depending on the behavioral context. For instance, a lion can be categorized as an African animal or a type of cat. We recorded lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity while monkeys switched between categorizing the same image set along two different categor ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... than in spinal regions. Like the spinal cord, the embryonic zebrafish telencephalon contains only a very small population of NAPs, but their identity in the telencephalon may be diverse. Vsx1-expressing NAPs represent the large majority of NAPs in the spinal cord and hindbrain. As spinal NAPs expres ...
... than in spinal regions. Like the spinal cord, the embryonic zebrafish telencephalon contains only a very small population of NAPs, but their identity in the telencephalon may be diverse. Vsx1-expressing NAPs represent the large majority of NAPs in the spinal cord and hindbrain. As spinal NAPs expres ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic and neuronal integrity and functions in the brain may pred ...
... that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic and neuronal integrity and functions in the brain may pred ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... Semaphorin-6A to test this model. In these mutants, Semaphorin6A axons from the visual part of the thalamus are subcortically misrouted and fail to innervate the presumptive visual cortex, which is instead invaded by somatosensory thalamic axons. Despite this major disruption in initial connectivity ...
... Semaphorin-6A to test this model. In these mutants, Semaphorin6A axons from the visual part of the thalamus are subcortically misrouted and fail to innervate the presumptive visual cortex, which is instead invaded by somatosensory thalamic axons. Despite this major disruption in initial connectivity ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... Introduction: Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a number of behaviors, such as phototaxis and thermotaxis, in response to exte ...
... Introduction: Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a number of behaviors, such as phototaxis and thermotaxis, in response to exte ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... depth in which the absolute and relative disparity signals could be independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining on ...
... depth in which the absolute and relative disparity signals could be independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining on ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders. Leptin exerts its effects by activating the long form of t ...
... by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders. Leptin exerts its effects by activating the long form of t ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... compared with primary sensory and motor cortices. Similar regional and laminar distributions of CB1-IR axons were also present in the human neocortex. CB1-IR axons had more prominent varicosities in human tissue, but this difference appeared to represent a postmortem effect as similar morphological ...
... compared with primary sensory and motor cortices. Similar regional and laminar distributions of CB1-IR axons were also present in the human neocortex. CB1-IR axons had more prominent varicosities in human tissue, but this difference appeared to represent a postmortem effect as similar morphological ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
... system (CNS). The central/peripheral boundary is at the margin of the brain and spinal cord, and not at the skull foramen through which the nerve passes. Thus, components of peripheral nerves, such as sensory ganglia and Schwann cells, may be found within the cranial cavity or within the skull bones ...
... system (CNS). The central/peripheral boundary is at the margin of the brain and spinal cord, and not at the skull foramen through which the nerve passes. Thus, components of peripheral nerves, such as sensory ganglia and Schwann cells, may be found within the cranial cavity or within the skull bones ...
Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Alterations in Subacute and Chronic
... Ultrastructural analyses were performed in rats 7 and 30 days after tMCAO. Briefly, spinal cord tissue samples were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Inc.) in 0.1M PB for 1 hour at room temperature (RT) and then dehydrated in a graded series of acetone dilutions. Tissue ...
... Ultrastructural analyses were performed in rats 7 and 30 days after tMCAO. Briefly, spinal cord tissue samples were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Inc.) in 0.1M PB for 1 hour at room temperature (RT) and then dehydrated in a graded series of acetone dilutions. Tissue ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Localize to Synapses under Energy Stress to
... oxidative phosphorylation. But not all ATP is created equal, and these two sources contribute differentially to various metabolic processes (Pfeiffer et al., 2001). Oxidative phosphorylation, which is mediated by the mitochondria, is an efficient process that produces high yields of ATP molecules, b ...
... oxidative phosphorylation. But not all ATP is created equal, and these two sources contribute differentially to various metabolic processes (Pfeiffer et al., 2001). Oxidative phosphorylation, which is mediated by the mitochondria, is an efficient process that produces high yields of ATP molecules, b ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA (2006) Feedback remapping and the cortical control of movement. In: Latash (Ed.) Motor Control and Learning. Springer, New York NY. Graziano MSA, Aflalo T, and Cooke DF (2005) Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94: ...
... Graziano MSA (2006) Feedback remapping and the cortical control of movement. In: Latash (Ed.) Motor Control and Learning. Springer, New York NY. Graziano MSA, Aflalo T, and Cooke DF (2005) Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94: ...