Towards natural stimulation in fMRI—Issues of data analysis
... identify neuronal networks related to seeing, hearing, and language processing: viewing of a 20-min movie led to increased correlations within these networks and to decreased correlations between non-connected regions. ICA has also revealed neural correlates of other complex human behaviors, such as ...
... identify neuronal networks related to seeing, hearing, and language processing: viewing of a 20-min movie led to increased correlations within these networks and to decreased correlations between non-connected regions. ICA has also revealed neural correlates of other complex human behaviors, such as ...
Deep sequencing of transcriptomes from the nervous systems of two
... with crustacean preparations. To mention only a small subset of these, command fibers [6], electrical coupling [7] and presynaptic inhibition [8] were first described using crustacean preparations. Work on crayfish and lobsters established GABA as an inhibitory transmitter [9, 10], and allowed early ...
... with crustacean preparations. To mention only a small subset of these, command fibers [6], electrical coupling [7] and presynaptic inhibition [8] were first described using crustacean preparations. Work on crayfish and lobsters established GABA as an inhibitory transmitter [9, 10], and allowed early ...
Phylum Cnidaria
... chamber with one opening • Inner gastrodermis secretes digestive juices into gastrovascular cavity which digests food and circulates nutrients ...
... chamber with one opening • Inner gastrodermis secretes digestive juices into gastrovascular cavity which digests food and circulates nutrients ...
doc midterm 1 chapter notes
... Unilateral Neglect: A syndrome in which people ignored objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe. ...
... Unilateral Neglect: A syndrome in which people ignored objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe. ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... mo lecular composition The functional role of KATP channels is best understood for the pancreatic beta cells where these channels couple blood glucose levels to insulin secretion. Thus beta cell KATP channels are essential in peripheral glucose sensing. By analogy, neuronal KATP channels, in particu ...
... mo lecular composition The functional role of KATP channels is best understood for the pancreatic beta cells where these channels couple blood glucose levels to insulin secretion. Thus beta cell KATP channels are essential in peripheral glucose sensing. By analogy, neuronal KATP channels, in particu ...
Spinal cord - Scranton Prep Biology
... Neurons that act directly as sensory receptors produce action potentials and have an axon that extends into the CNS Non-neuronal sensory receptors form chemical synapses with sensory neurons They typically respond to stimuli by increasing the rate at which the sensory neurons produce action po ...
... Neurons that act directly as sensory receptors produce action potentials and have an axon that extends into the CNS Non-neuronal sensory receptors form chemical synapses with sensory neurons They typically respond to stimuli by increasing the rate at which the sensory neurons produce action po ...
Synapse Formation in the Absence of Cell Bodies Requires Protein
... Cell culture and electrophysiolog y. SNs were isolated from pleural ganglia dissected from adult animals (80 –100 gm), and motor cell L7 was isolated from juvenile (1–3 gm) abdominal ganglia and maintained in culture for up to 4 d as described previously (Rayport and Schacher, 1986; Schacher et al., ...
... Cell culture and electrophysiolog y. SNs were isolated from pleural ganglia dissected from adult animals (80 –100 gm), and motor cell L7 was isolated from juvenile (1–3 gm) abdominal ganglia and maintained in culture for up to 4 d as described previously (Rayport and Schacher, 1986; Schacher et al., ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex
... techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have corroborated this result. The importance of localization for neuroprosthetics is that different functional information maybe recorded in the electrical activity of neurons in different locations of the neocortex. In addition, sti ...
... techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have corroborated this result. The importance of localization for neuroprosthetics is that different functional information maybe recorded in the electrical activity of neurons in different locations of the neocortex. In addition, sti ...
TRUTH Read
... erteci into an electrical impulse that I ras c Is the ungth of the neuron The message i hun i ranmn d to the next neuron by neurotransmiiiers. EEc li continues until the message arris es ai is icstination. which in many eases is the brain. I its hole process takes only a fraction oi a ser OilLl. cur ...
... erteci into an electrical impulse that I ras c Is the ungth of the neuron The message i hun i ranmn d to the next neuron by neurotransmiiiers. EEc li continues until the message arris es ai is icstination. which in many eases is the brain. I its hole process takes only a fraction oi a ser OilLl. cur ...
Event-Related Potentials
... These include dense local interactions involving excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, as well as long-range interactions mediated by axonal pathways in the white matter. (See NEUROANATOMY IN A COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVE.) Multiple feedback loops involving both excitatory and inhi ...
... These include dense local interactions involving excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, as well as long-range interactions mediated by axonal pathways in the white matter. (See NEUROANATOMY IN A COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVE.) Multiple feedback loops involving both excitatory and inhi ...
Higher-Order Functions
... The following changes occur when activated: increased alertness causing the person to feel “on edge” a feeling of energy and euphoria which is associated with a disregard for danger and a temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli elevations in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing gen ...
... The following changes occur when activated: increased alertness causing the person to feel “on edge” a feeling of energy and euphoria which is associated with a disregard for danger and a temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli elevations in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing gen ...
Induction of c-fos Expression in Hypothalamic Magnocellular
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... Ca 21 permeability of native AMPA receptors in neurons is inversely correlated with the relative abundance of edited GluR2 and ranges from almost 0 to .2 in different neuronal cell types (Jonas et al., 1994; Geiger et al., 1995). Direct Ca 21 entry through AMPA receptors is capable of triggering neu ...
... Ca 21 permeability of native AMPA receptors in neurons is inversely correlated with the relative abundance of edited GluR2 and ranges from almost 0 to .2 in different neuronal cell types (Jonas et al., 1994; Geiger et al., 1995). Direct Ca 21 entry through AMPA receptors is capable of triggering neu ...
C ontribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to laser
... sensory and affective components are excited in parallel by noxious inputs. The behavioral manifestations of these two components are not well differentiated in an overall nocifensive behavioral response. Thus, a behavioural model is needed to selectively assess the emotional component of nocifensiv ...
... sensory and affective components are excited in parallel by noxious inputs. The behavioral manifestations of these two components are not well differentiated in an overall nocifensive behavioral response. Thus, a behavioural model is needed to selectively assess the emotional component of nocifensiv ...
Central nervous system
... 2. Poliomyelitis causes damage to the spinal cord and dysfunctions of the skeletal muscles. Destruction of which neurons causes this disease? Which part of the reflex arch has been damaged? 3. The pear-shaped cells are known to have numerous synapses. Which of the afferent fibers of the cerebellum a ...
... 2. Poliomyelitis causes damage to the spinal cord and dysfunctions of the skeletal muscles. Destruction of which neurons causes this disease? Which part of the reflex arch has been damaged? 3. The pear-shaped cells are known to have numerous synapses. Which of the afferent fibers of the cerebellum a ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... 5. Magno- and Parvocellular Neurosecretory Systems (Plates 35-45) Two distinct neurosecretory systems. The magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei along with scattered clusters of large cells between these two nuclei comprise the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. ...
... 5. Magno- and Parvocellular Neurosecretory Systems (Plates 35-45) Two distinct neurosecretory systems. The magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei along with scattered clusters of large cells between these two nuclei comprise the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. ...
`Genotypes` for neural networks - laral
... are responsible for a single function, e.g. vision, tend to be located in the same part of the brain. Developmentally, the probability that two neurons will end up as being connected depends on the physical location of the two neurons. (For an account of development that emphasizes the role of spati ...
... are responsible for a single function, e.g. vision, tend to be located in the same part of the brain. Developmentally, the probability that two neurons will end up as being connected depends on the physical location of the two neurons. (For an account of development that emphasizes the role of spati ...
Morphological Identification of Cell Death in Dorsal Root Ganglion
... peripheral axotomy than motor neurons, probably because they depend more on neurotrophic molecules released by peripheral target organs [15]. Our study showed that direct reconnection of the proximal nerve stump with its distal stump will reduce the sensory neuronal loss from 42% to 23.7%. In the pr ...
... peripheral axotomy than motor neurons, probably because they depend more on neurotrophic molecules released by peripheral target organs [15]. Our study showed that direct reconnection of the proximal nerve stump with its distal stump will reduce the sensory neuronal loss from 42% to 23.7%. In the pr ...
The Neurology of Posture
... summation of the effect called, no surprise, “temporal summation”. Or if another chemical were to change (prolong) the degradation in the secondary cell, it would have the same effect. ...
... summation of the effect called, no surprise, “temporal summation”. Or if another chemical were to change (prolong) the degradation in the secondary cell, it would have the same effect. ...
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Stereoscopic Display of
... We do not usually start reconstruction with the first or last section of the series, but begin with a middle section containing many stained profiles and having the largest brain area. This achieves optimal placement of the reconstruction, with respect to field boundaries. The wealth of detail in th ...
... We do not usually start reconstruction with the first or last section of the series, but begin with a middle section containing many stained profiles and having the largest brain area. This achieves optimal placement of the reconstruction, with respect to field boundaries. The wealth of detail in th ...
Genetic analysis of dopaminergic system development in zebrafish
... in adult zebrafish. While we try to use the prosomere model (Puelles and Verney, 1998) to compare positions of DA neurons in fish and mammals, we will not use the A1–A17 numbering established for mammalian systems (Smeets and Gonzalez, 2000), as there is so far little information on potential function ...
... in adult zebrafish. While we try to use the prosomere model (Puelles and Verney, 1998) to compare positions of DA neurons in fish and mammals, we will not use the A1–A17 numbering established for mammalian systems (Smeets and Gonzalez, 2000), as there is so far little information on potential function ...
brainstem
... – Nuclei & tracts that process and relay info to/from the cerebellum – Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts that interconnect other portions of the CNS ...
... – Nuclei & tracts that process and relay info to/from the cerebellum – Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts that interconnect other portions of the CNS ...
Superior Frontal Gyrus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Superior
... cochlear nucleus of the contralateral side while the LNTB receives input from the same cells on the ipsilateral side. The function of these inhibitory circuits is still controversial [8]. Processing of Interaural Level Differences A parallel circuit in the superior olivary complex is believed to be ...
... cochlear nucleus of the contralateral side while the LNTB receives input from the same cells on the ipsilateral side. The function of these inhibitory circuits is still controversial [8]. Processing of Interaural Level Differences A parallel circuit in the superior olivary complex is believed to be ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... to molecular approaches and genetic manipulations has led recently to a wealth of new information on the neural basis of olfactory detection and sensory processing. The nasal cavity of rodents contains two sets of chemosensory neurons located in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and in the main olfactory ...
... to molecular approaches and genetic manipulations has led recently to a wealth of new information on the neural basis of olfactory detection and sensory processing. The nasal cavity of rodents contains two sets of chemosensory neurons located in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and in the main olfactory ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.