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The Brain and Behaviour
The Brain and Behaviour

... The temporal lobe is located in the lower, central, area of the brain, above and around the top of each ear. The temporal lobe in each hemisphere is primarily involved with auditory perception, but also plays an important role in memory, in aspects of visual perception such as our ability to recogni ...
Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Theories and Physiology of Emotion

... triggers feelings of arousal. They go into a waiting room where an accomplice is acting either euphoric or irritated; as they observe this person, they begin to feel their heart race, body flush, and breathing increase. Those who had been told of the epinephrine effects attributed the physiological ...
Metabolic Processes - Part II
Metabolic Processes - Part II

... B. False – positive feedback ...
Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex
Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex

Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... In general, in more mature neurons (at least 14 DIV for cultured neurons or postnatal day 14 in vivo), the chronic blockade of action potential (AP) driven synaptic activity throughout the network results in an increase in probability of release and mEPSC frequency without a change in synapse densit ...
Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour
Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour

... that odour encoding involves, as it does in locusts, the oscillatory synchronization of assemblies of projection neurons and that this synchronization is also selectively abolished by picrotoxin, an antagonist of the GABAA (g-aminobutyric acid) receptor. By using a behavioural learning paradigm, we ...
Muscles - Solutions - VCC Library
Muscles - Solutions - VCC Library

... surrounds the sarcoplasm - Transverse tubules (T tubules) are continuous with the sarcolemma and run into the muscle fibre Is the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre ...
resting membrane potential
resting membrane potential

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Chapter 15 Perceptual Development
Chapter 15 Perceptual Development

... Open Interactive Illustration 15.x, Acuity Development and Vision for a simulated experience of infant vision. When the screen comes up, you will see two copies of the same image. Initially, both images are of a face, not the handsomest face but it will have to do. The copy on the left will never be ...
The Countercurrent Multiplier System
The Countercurrent Multiplier System

... substances, because the kidneys cannot create new sodium ions or water, they can only minimize their excretion until ingestion replaces the losses. The subjective feeling of thirst, which leads us to obtain and ingest water, is stimulated both by a lower extracellular volume and a higher plasma osmo ...
Dear Notetaker:
Dear Notetaker:

... Eliminate Lectures 1,2,3, 12 Dr. Donati will be around all week except Monday, all of next week and the Monday and Tuesday before final to answer any questions Pressure changes during ventilation Alveolar surface tension - Surfactant, breaks up surface tension - Normalizes collapsing pressure of lar ...
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association

... §  All ventral rami except T2­T12  form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses  §  Plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions  §  Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves  §  Fibers travel to the periphery via several different ro ...
The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U
The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U

... – Parvocellular layers (P pathway) are found in the top four layers of each lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and are composed of small body neurons; they are responsive to color, fine detail patterns, and react to slow or stationary objects – Magnocellular layers (M pathway) are found in the bottom ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of

... show that more than a third of the sodium channels can fail without affecting the single action potential. Thus, the neurons have a remarkable surplus of sodium channels. The surplus, however, is necessary for repetitive action potential ®ring, as every decrease in the fraction of sodium channels re ...
The Biology
The Biology

... biopsychologists. Initially the discussion will be on nerve cells, called neurons, which allow messages to travel through the brain and the body. Psychologists are increasing their understanding of human behaviour and are uncovering important clues in their efforts to cure certain kinds of diseases ...
Hayrunnisa Bolay, Turkey
Hayrunnisa Bolay, Turkey

... trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus (TNC). CSD is implicated in releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings and leading to neurogenic inflammation in the dura mater. CSD is a key to understand familial hemiplegic migraine phenotype, critical involvement of glutamatergic syn ...
The Brain and Behaviour
The Brain and Behaviour

... The temporal lobe is located in the lower, central, area of the brain, above and around the top of each ear. The temporal lobe in each hemisphere is primarily involved with auditory perception, but also plays an important role in memory, in aspects of visual perception such as our ability to recogni ...
Read the Full Article
Read the Full Article

... Tinnitus  is  commonly  defined  in  my  profession  as  the  perception  of  a  sound  in  the  absence  of  an   external  sound  source.  In  essence,  it’s  hearing  something  that  isn’t  actually  there,  and  is  often  descri ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal

... The chemical diversity of the molecules that cause general anaesthesia is matched only by the range of physiological effects that they can induce. Very few of these effects, however, are common to all agents. The most intriguing of those that are is the ability to cause a reversible loss of consciou ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and

... snail statocyst to tilts in certain direction. Analysis of neural responses to tilts with different directions revealed that single receptor cells can respond to vestibular stimuli in all directions, but is specifically tuned for only one. Motion in this direction evokes strongest ON-responses of th ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... diminished brain blood flow. • Neurons in the vasomotor center respond directly and strongly. • Their stimulation results in systemic arterial pressure as high as the heart can pump. – Due to elevated level of CO2 stimulating sympathetic nervous system in medulla. – One of the most powerful activato ...
Optimization of neuronal cultures derived from human
Optimization of neuronal cultures derived from human

... Cell Culture. Post-mitotic human neurons derived from iPSCs (“iCell® Neurons”, Cellular Dynamics International, USA) and primary neuronal cultures isolated from E18 rat embryos were seeded in 96-well plates (Greiner) coated with poly-D-lysine with or without laminin. For some experiments, iCell Neur ...
of the smooth muscles
of the smooth muscles

... structures such as the iris of the eye, in which fine, graded contractions occur. It is not under voluntary control. ...
Neuroscience, 4e
Neuroscience, 4e

... Figure 9.3 Receptive fields and two-point discrimination threshold (Part 1) ...
Ativity 13 - PCC - Portland Community College
Ativity 13 - PCC - Portland Community College

... • Descending motor pathways, which originate in the primary motor area, descend through the brainstem and spinal cord before distributing motor fibers to cranial and spinal nerves. • The cerebellum interacts with the motor areas by ensuring that all movements are smooth and well coordinated. ...
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Stimulus (physiology)



In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.
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