Supplemental Data Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural
... highest and lowest units recorded that were modulated by light ranged from 0.9-1.5 mm, consistent with the measurements of viral labeling (Supplemental Fig. 4) and the measurements of light delivery volume (Supplemental Fig. 2). Note that since units may have been multiunits, this experiment puts a ...
... highest and lowest units recorded that were modulated by light ranged from 0.9-1.5 mm, consistent with the measurements of viral labeling (Supplemental Fig. 4) and the measurements of light delivery volume (Supplemental Fig. 2). Note that since units may have been multiunits, this experiment puts a ...
Neurophysiology of Swallow #2
... Damage to the trigeminal nerve can affect the eating process. Specific signs of trigeminal nerve damage or lack of innervation by the trigeminal nerve includes: o Absence/loss of bite reflex in children; o Partial/total paralysis of the muscles of ...
... Damage to the trigeminal nerve can affect the eating process. Specific signs of trigeminal nerve damage or lack of innervation by the trigeminal nerve includes: o Absence/loss of bite reflex in children; o Partial/total paralysis of the muscles of ...
Olfactory System Anatomy
... odors, which can be performed at the bedside with odiferous substances such as coffee, lemon, and peppermint. Tests, including those developed at the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC), have aided examiners in the identification of abnormalities in odor detection and discrimin ...
... odors, which can be performed at the bedside with odiferous substances such as coffee, lemon, and peppermint. Tests, including those developed at the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC), have aided examiners in the identification of abnormalities in odor detection and discrimin ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel’s feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synapt ...
... explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel’s feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synapt ...
Document
... Motor cortex makes two types of projections. • A direct pathway to the ventral lateral spinal cord • An indirect pathway to the reticular formation (which subsequently goes to medial spinal cord). • For example a direct pathway will move the hand and the indirect pathway will posture the body. • Cut ...
... Motor cortex makes two types of projections. • A direct pathway to the ventral lateral spinal cord • An indirect pathway to the reticular formation (which subsequently goes to medial spinal cord). • For example a direct pathway will move the hand and the indirect pathway will posture the body. • Cut ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... The number of fibers in a motor unit varies according to function. Muscles that contribute to fine movements, like those acting on the eye or the fingers, usually have a small number of muscle fibers per motor unit. Example: a motor unit in the ocular muscles (of the eye) may have a membership of 3 ...
... The number of fibers in a motor unit varies according to function. Muscles that contribute to fine movements, like those acting on the eye or the fingers, usually have a small number of muscle fibers per motor unit. Example: a motor unit in the ocular muscles (of the eye) may have a membership of 3 ...
Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and
... (either perception or execution), we also found cells responding to both. Significant proportions of such cells were found both in medial frontal lobe (SMA) and in medial temporal lobe—namely, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. In the amygdala, ACC (both rostral and dorsal as ...
... (either perception or execution), we also found cells responding to both. Significant proportions of such cells were found both in medial frontal lobe (SMA) and in medial temporal lobe—namely, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. In the amygdala, ACC (both rostral and dorsal as ...
The Interoceptive, or Visceral, Sensations
... be quite distant from the diseased area, as a result of shifting of the viscus during embryonic development. Appendiceal pain is felt directly over the appendix; the pain of angina pectoris may radiate down the left arm; and renal pain is referred to the groin. The phrenic nerve (C3-C5) is sensory a ...
... be quite distant from the diseased area, as a result of shifting of the viscus during embryonic development. Appendiceal pain is felt directly over the appendix; the pain of angina pectoris may radiate down the left arm; and renal pain is referred to the groin. The phrenic nerve (C3-C5) is sensory a ...
P312 Ch05_PerceivingObjectsII
... whole visual field. In this theory, each neuron responds not to what’s at a particular place, but instead to what’s happening across the whole visual field – what kind of a pattern is distributed across the visual field. Such neurons would be labeled spatial frequency detectors. Each such a pattern ...
... whole visual field. In this theory, each neuron responds not to what’s at a particular place, but instead to what’s happening across the whole visual field – what kind of a pattern is distributed across the visual field. Such neurons would be labeled spatial frequency detectors. Each such a pattern ...
Preserving information in neural transmission - CNL
... Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, 2Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and 3Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037 ...
... Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, 2Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and 3Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037 ...
Document
... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • PNS – all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord • Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings • Provides links to and from the external environment ...
... Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • PNS – all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord • Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings • Provides links to and from the external environment ...
Magnetoencephalographic Investigation of Human Cortical Area V1
... individual neurons, but rather measures activity generated by a population of cortical neurons. To establish the selectivity of individual units would require a measure of their spiking rate, although it is unclear that such information provides an optimal measure of neuronal processing. Recordings ...
... individual neurons, but rather measures activity generated by a population of cortical neurons. To establish the selectivity of individual units would require a measure of their spiking rate, although it is unclear that such information provides an optimal measure of neuronal processing. Recordings ...
The Origins of Two-State Spontaneous Membrane Potential
... rapidly activating inwardly rectifying potassium-selective current known to be present in these cells (Kita et al., 1984; Kawaguchi et al., 1989; Uchimura et al., 1989; Jiang and North, 1991; Nisenbaum and Wilson, 1995). When the volume of excitatory input falls below the amount required to maintain ...
... rapidly activating inwardly rectifying potassium-selective current known to be present in these cells (Kita et al., 1984; Kawaguchi et al., 1989; Uchimura et al., 1989; Jiang and North, 1991; Nisenbaum and Wilson, 1995). When the volume of excitatory input falls below the amount required to maintain ...
lmmunohistochemical Localization of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors
... ganglion cell dendrites. Distinct immunolabeling was also observed over the optic nerve and tract, and denselabeling occurred in all but oneregion innervated by retinal ganglioncellsthe dorsal and ventral lateral geniculatenucleus,nucleusof the optic tract, and olivary nucleusofthe pretectal region, ...
... ganglion cell dendrites. Distinct immunolabeling was also observed over the optic nerve and tract, and denselabeling occurred in all but oneregion innervated by retinal ganglioncellsthe dorsal and ventral lateral geniculatenucleus,nucleusof the optic tract, and olivary nucleusofthe pretectal region, ...
Review of Thoracic and Abdominal Autonomics
... organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons that connect other neurons together. Sensory and motor neurons can be further divided into somatic neurons that go to the body wall and limbs and are mainly responsible for conscious phenomena, and visceral neurons that go to internal organs, blood vessels ...
... organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons that connect other neurons together. Sensory and motor neurons can be further divided into somatic neurons that go to the body wall and limbs and are mainly responsible for conscious phenomena, and visceral neurons that go to internal organs, blood vessels ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... now having degenerated as end-stage NF T. In addition, both the neurologically normal and mild AD cases had no detectable neuron loss in the temporal neocortex, which agrees with other studies demonstrating that normal or mildly impaired aged individuals do not have significant NF T formation in neo ...
... now having degenerated as end-stage NF T. In addition, both the neurologically normal and mild AD cases had no detectable neuron loss in the temporal neocortex, which agrees with other studies demonstrating that normal or mildly impaired aged individuals do not have significant NF T formation in neo ...
Stochastic Model of Central Synapses: Slow Diffusion of Transmitter
... tortuosity of the cleft, will slow down diffusion, but will not remove transmitter irreversibly from the cleft. Hence the transmitter dynamics remains diffusive for time-scales relevant to the receptor kinetics and is modeled by a net diffusion coefficient Dnet , smaller than the free diffusion coef ...
... tortuosity of the cleft, will slow down diffusion, but will not remove transmitter irreversibly from the cleft. Hence the transmitter dynamics remains diffusive for time-scales relevant to the receptor kinetics and is modeled by a net diffusion coefficient Dnet , smaller than the free diffusion coef ...
4-18-05
... even a slight change in PO2 causes hemoglobin to load or unload a substantial amount of O2. • This steep part corresponds to the range of partial pressures found in body tissues. • Hemoglobin can release an O2 reserve to tissues with high Fig. 42.28a metabolism. ...
... even a slight change in PO2 causes hemoglobin to load or unload a substantial amount of O2. • This steep part corresponds to the range of partial pressures found in body tissues. • Hemoglobin can release an O2 reserve to tissues with high Fig. 42.28a metabolism. ...
Student Presentation - UNM Computer Science
... terms of space and energy. Why is this so?” Von Neumann also says that producing the answer to this is hopeless, but that there are a few discrepancies we can observe: ...
... terms of space and energy. Why is this so?” Von Neumann also says that producing the answer to this is hopeless, but that there are a few discrepancies we can observe: ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyperosmolality is fully corrected27,62 (FIG. 4b). Similarly, gastric water loading has been shown to lower osmotic ...
... anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyperosmolality is fully corrected27,62 (FIG. 4b). Similarly, gastric water loading has been shown to lower osmotic ...
Outline 35,36,39 - Mead`s Fabulous Weebly
... Critical night length ◦ Flowering hormone? Experiment, Fig 39.24 Expose only one leaf to light Plant flowers ◦ Meristem transition and flowering Combination of environmental and internal cues Photoperiod and hormones Change gene expression to cause flowering Turn “on” gene 39.4 Respo ...
... Critical night length ◦ Flowering hormone? Experiment, Fig 39.24 Expose only one leaf to light Plant flowers ◦ Meristem transition and flowering Combination of environmental and internal cues Photoperiod and hormones Change gene expression to cause flowering Turn “on” gene 39.4 Respo ...
Cell division and migration in a `genotype` for neural networks (Cell
... In the developmental model described in Nolfi and Parisi (1992; in press) what is simulated is the process of neural growth. Neural networks are viewed as physical objects in bidimensional space and not, as is usually done, as purely topological structures. Neurons are assigned physical positions in ...
... In the developmental model described in Nolfi and Parisi (1992; in press) what is simulated is the process of neural growth. Neural networks are viewed as physical objects in bidimensional space and not, as is usually done, as purely topological structures. Neurons are assigned physical positions in ...
Huber et al. (2008), Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex
... detection accuracy (Fig. 3d). However, performance reached asymptotic levels at remarkably low numbers of directly activated neurons; the range between minimal detection and saturating performance was only a few hundred neurons. Activated ChR2–GFP-positive neurons were distributed over most of the b ...
... detection accuracy (Fig. 3d). However, performance reached asymptotic levels at remarkably low numbers of directly activated neurons; the range between minimal detection and saturating performance was only a few hundred neurons. Activated ChR2–GFP-positive neurons were distributed over most of the b ...
Cell division and migration in a `genotype` for neural
... In the developmental model described in Nolfi and Parisi (1992; in press) what is simulated is the process of neural growth. Neural networks are viewed as physical objects in bidimensional space and not, as is usually done, as purely topological structures. Neurons are assigned physical positions in ...
... In the developmental model described in Nolfi and Parisi (1992; in press) what is simulated is the process of neural growth. Neural networks are viewed as physical objects in bidimensional space and not, as is usually done, as purely topological structures. Neurons are assigned physical positions in ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.