Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... (Kunz et al. 1972). Up to four restricted areas of high sensitivity (hot spots) were found at dendritic regions 80 – 600 m from the soma (Figs. 2, A and B, 3, and 5B). An electrophysiological hot spot was defined as having a response to glutamate, under conditions where voltage-dependent Na⫹ and Ca ...
... (Kunz et al. 1972). Up to four restricted areas of high sensitivity (hot spots) were found at dendritic regions 80 – 600 m from the soma (Figs. 2, A and B, 3, and 5B). An electrophysiological hot spot was defined as having a response to glutamate, under conditions where voltage-dependent Na⫹ and Ca ...
Nervenkitt: Notes on the history of the concept of neuroglia
... of becoming inflamed, and therefore he was convinced that underneath the single-cell layer of ependyma the ventricles must be lined by a sheet of connective tissue. With this idea in mind he went to work and found, or thought he found, a connective tissue not only beneath the ependyma, but penetrati ...
... of becoming inflamed, and therefore he was convinced that underneath the single-cell layer of ependyma the ventricles must be lined by a sheet of connective tissue. With this idea in mind he went to work and found, or thought he found, a connective tissue not only beneath the ependyma, but penetrati ...
Microscopic study of cell division in the cerebral cortex of adult
... Neurons are the basic functional units of our brains. It is estimated that an adult human brain contains up to 90 billion neurons. Neurons inside a brain gather together at different parts to form cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. All the parts of the brain connect and communicate with each othe ...
... Neurons are the basic functional units of our brains. It is estimated that an adult human brain contains up to 90 billion neurons. Neurons inside a brain gather together at different parts to form cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. All the parts of the brain connect and communicate with each othe ...
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)
... The neural circuitry of the olfactory system is elaborate and complex. Each OSN expresses a single OR type, and OSNs expressing the same ORs all converge their axons to one glomerulus in the OB. Olfactory information is interpreted from the activation patterns of over 1,000 sets of glomeruli, stimul ...
... The neural circuitry of the olfactory system is elaborate and complex. Each OSN expresses a single OR type, and OSNs expressing the same ORs all converge their axons to one glomerulus in the OB. Olfactory information is interpreted from the activation patterns of over 1,000 sets of glomeruli, stimul ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... the thalamus) as well as feed-forward excitation (directly from the thalamus). In both systems, the inhibition dominates, so that a cell can only be excited by stimuli that cause the effects of feed-forward excitation and inhibition to be separated in time; concurrent engagement of the two yields a ...
... the thalamus) as well as feed-forward excitation (directly from the thalamus). In both systems, the inhibition dominates, so that a cell can only be excited by stimuli that cause the effects of feed-forward excitation and inhibition to be separated in time; concurrent engagement of the two yields a ...
Aldwin de Guzman Abstract - UF Center for Undergraduate Research
... Caballero A (1), Schwanebeck KA (1), Sexton A (1), Patel S (2), Denholtz LE (2), Posgai S (2) De Guzman A (1), Samuel K (1), Zhu V (1), Denson HB (1), Streeter K (2), Baekey DM (1) (1) Department of Physiological Sciences (2) Department of Physical Therapy University of Florida Cervical spinal cord ...
... Caballero A (1), Schwanebeck KA (1), Sexton A (1), Patel S (2), Denholtz LE (2), Posgai S (2) De Guzman A (1), Samuel K (1), Zhu V (1), Denson HB (1), Streeter K (2), Baekey DM (1) (1) Department of Physiological Sciences (2) Department of Physical Therapy University of Florida Cervical spinal cord ...
Magnetic Stimulation Of Curved Nerves Assaf Rotem, Elisha Moses
... morphology and in particular on the importance of curvature of axonal bundles. Using the theory of passive membrane dynamics, we predict the Threshold Power (the minimum stimulation power required to initiate an action potential) of specific axonal morphologies. In the experimental section we show t ...
... morphology and in particular on the importance of curvature of axonal bundles. Using the theory of passive membrane dynamics, we predict the Threshold Power (the minimum stimulation power required to initiate an action potential) of specific axonal morphologies. In the experimental section we show t ...
22. May 2014 Examination NEVR2010 There are two types
... 7. Spiral ganglion cells are bipolar cells that innervate peripheral sensory cells (hair cells in the inner ear) and send an axon into the 8th cranial nerve. In which ganglia do we find comparable neurons that mediate the transfer of touch information? (1) 8. Give one brief example of how learning c ...
... 7. Spiral ganglion cells are bipolar cells that innervate peripheral sensory cells (hair cells in the inner ear) and send an axon into the 8th cranial nerve. In which ganglia do we find comparable neurons that mediate the transfer of touch information? (1) 8. Give one brief example of how learning c ...
PRESENTATION NAME
... • What are the basic elements of the nervous system? • How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another? ...
... • What are the basic elements of the nervous system? • How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another? ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • Neurons have one behavior property in common with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus. • However, neurons have an aspect of irritability that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli into nerve impulses. • Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that transmits information ...
... • Neurons have one behavior property in common with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus. • However, neurons have an aspect of irritability that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli into nerve impulses. • Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that transmits information ...
Functional Integration of Embryonic Stem Cell
... Regions of interest were microdissected into small fragments (⬃1.5 ⫻ 3 mm) and fixed onto an Epon block with a drop of liquid Epon after incubation at 60°C for ⬎12 hr. Ultrathin sections were prepared on a Leica Ultracut Microtome, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (10 min each), and obse ...
... Regions of interest were microdissected into small fragments (⬃1.5 ⫻ 3 mm) and fixed onto an Epon block with a drop of liquid Epon after incubation at 60°C for ⬎12 hr. Ultrathin sections were prepared on a Leica Ultracut Microtome, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (10 min each), and obse ...
ECM Proteins Influence Cell Morphology and Function in Rat Neural
... Quadra 96 (Tomtec) fluid handling robot was used to create uniform cultures containing 25-30,000 cells per well in the 96-well plates. Coverslips were plated with densities of 1,000 cells/cm2. Effects of ECM coatings: Morphology of neural cells grown on LM, HFN, PDL, or LM/HFN was studied in a 96-we ...
... Quadra 96 (Tomtec) fluid handling robot was used to create uniform cultures containing 25-30,000 cells per well in the 96-well plates. Coverslips were plated with densities of 1,000 cells/cm2. Effects of ECM coatings: Morphology of neural cells grown on LM, HFN, PDL, or LM/HFN was studied in a 96-we ...
Endocrine System
... The pineal body is located near the center of the brain, having the shape of a tiny clone; its hormone melatonin has significant effects on reproduction and daily physiologic cycles, most notably the circadian rhythms. Pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions; its bulk is a ducted glan ...
... The pineal body is located near the center of the brain, having the shape of a tiny clone; its hormone melatonin has significant effects on reproduction and daily physiologic cycles, most notably the circadian rhythms. Pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions; its bulk is a ducted glan ...
Replacement of Receptor Cells in the Hamster
... day 15, the thickness of the epithelium increased a little but continued to remain below that of control (79.8 and 70.6 % of control, P < 0.05). On day 21, the thickness of epithelium decreased further and did not show any evidence of recovery. At longer recovery times (25-42 days) the thickness of ...
... day 15, the thickness of the epithelium increased a little but continued to remain below that of control (79.8 and 70.6 % of control, P < 0.05). On day 21, the thickness of epithelium decreased further and did not show any evidence of recovery. At longer recovery times (25-42 days) the thickness of ...
Medical Gross Anatomy - University of Michigan
... homeostasis via two opposing divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems innervate most of the body's organs and act in opposition to one another to maintain normal physiology, including blood pressure, blood oxygen levels, a ...
... homeostasis via two opposing divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems innervate most of the body's organs and act in opposition to one another to maintain normal physiology, including blood pressure, blood oxygen levels, a ...
Gene for Pain Modulatory Neuropeptide NPFF
... The published bovine sequence for NPAF (Yang et al., 1985) was used to synthesize degenerate oligonucleotide primers CCICARMGITTYGG and CCRAAICKYTGIGG. PCR was performed for 42 cycles at a 55°C annealing temperature on first- strand cDNA from bovine brainstem using these primers, and the predicted 5 ...
... The published bovine sequence for NPAF (Yang et al., 1985) was used to synthesize degenerate oligonucleotide primers CCICARMGITTYGG and CCRAAICKYTGIGG. PCR was performed for 42 cycles at a 55°C annealing temperature on first- strand cDNA from bovine brainstem using these primers, and the predicted 5 ...
Nose, Nerve – Atrophy
... secondary to loss of olfactory nerve cells from the olfactory epithelium or to damage to the olfactory bulb of the brain. It is most commonly the result of loss of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium, so the lesion almost always accompanies changes in the olfactory epithelium, such as atro ...
... secondary to loss of olfactory nerve cells from the olfactory epithelium or to damage to the olfactory bulb of the brain. It is most commonly the result of loss of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium, so the lesion almost always accompanies changes in the olfactory epithelium, such as atro ...
Endocrine Physiology - bushelman-hap
... • Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion • Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH stimulation of estrogen which ...
... • Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion • Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH stimulation of estrogen which ...
the diverse roles of l-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction
... L-Glutamic acid (Glu) is accepted as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, although other acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and comp ...
... L-Glutamic acid (Glu) is accepted as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, although other acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and comp ...
Receptive field - cct370-w10
... B. Response in activity of array of on-center cells to being stimulated by a bright edge - Output of system: Enhanced response on bright side of edge - Cell fires more on bright side because there is less light in inhibitory region, hence less inhibited Depressed response on dark side of edge Interm ...
... B. Response in activity of array of on-center cells to being stimulated by a bright edge - Output of system: Enhanced response on bright side of edge - Cell fires more on bright side because there is less light in inhibitory region, hence less inhibited Depressed response on dark side of edge Interm ...
Effect of dopamine receptor stimulation on voltage
... receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential and on voltage-dependent fast-inactivating Na+ currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons obtained from adult (9-week-old) rats. Treatment of the pyramidal neurons with SKF 38393 did not affect the membrane potential recorded with the perforated- ...
... receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential and on voltage-dependent fast-inactivating Na+ currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons obtained from adult (9-week-old) rats. Treatment of the pyramidal neurons with SKF 38393 did not affect the membrane potential recorded with the perforated- ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... inhibition is due to modulation of intrinsic voltagegated conductances, then manipulation of the membrane potential between action potentials is expected to in£uence the threshold of subsequent action potentials. We tested this hypothesis by triggering hyperpolarizing current injections (0.1^2 nA fo ...
... inhibition is due to modulation of intrinsic voltagegated conductances, then manipulation of the membrane potential between action potentials is expected to in£uence the threshold of subsequent action potentials. We tested this hypothesis by triggering hyperpolarizing current injections (0.1^2 nA fo ...
Studying the Brain`s Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain
... The messages that travel through a neuron are electrical in nature. Although there are exceptions, those electrical messages, or impulses, generally move across neurons in one direction only. To prevent messages from short-circuiting one another, axons must be insulated in some fashion. Most axons a ...
... The messages that travel through a neuron are electrical in nature. Although there are exceptions, those electrical messages, or impulses, generally move across neurons in one direction only. To prevent messages from short-circuiting one another, axons must be insulated in some fashion. Most axons a ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.