Bipolar neurons in rat visual cortex: A combined
... The focus of our studies on connections between neurons has been area 17 of rat visual cortex. This cortex may lack the functional columns of neurons present in visual cortices such as those of the cat (for example, Hubel & Wiesel, 1963) and monkey (for example, Hubel & Wiesel, 1977), but like these ...
... The focus of our studies on connections between neurons has been area 17 of rat visual cortex. This cortex may lack the functional columns of neurons present in visual cortices such as those of the cat (for example, Hubel & Wiesel, 1963) and monkey (for example, Hubel & Wiesel, 1977), but like these ...
Full text - Ip Lab - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
... Properties of ephrin/Eph underlying their role in synaptogenesis Introduction Neurons communicate with each other via chemical neurotransmission at synapses, morphologically and functionally specialized structures where synaptic vesicles are concentrated at the active zone of the pre-synaptic axon t ...
... Properties of ephrin/Eph underlying their role in synaptogenesis Introduction Neurons communicate with each other via chemical neurotransmission at synapses, morphologically and functionally specialized structures where synaptic vesicles are concentrated at the active zone of the pre-synaptic axon t ...
Influence patellar reflex
... 2. The sensory (afferent) neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway towards the central nervous system (CNS). 3. The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS. 4. A motor (efferent) neuron conducts a nerve impulse along an efferent pathway from the integration cen ...
... 2. The sensory (afferent) neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway towards the central nervous system (CNS). 3. The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS. 4. A motor (efferent) neuron conducts a nerve impulse along an efferent pathway from the integration cen ...
Functional Integration of Dopaminergic Neurons Directly Converted
... for this process, we divided the 11 factors into three groups and tested the ability of different combinations of the pools to induce Pitx3-eGFP. Using this subtractive approach we found that a pool of eight factors lacking Pax6, Sox1, and Ngn2 generated Pitx3-eGFP+ cells more efficiently than the o ...
... for this process, we divided the 11 factors into three groups and tested the ability of different combinations of the pools to induce Pitx3-eGFP. Using this subtractive approach we found that a pool of eight factors lacking Pax6, Sox1, and Ngn2 generated Pitx3-eGFP+ cells more efficiently than the o ...
Behavioural Brain Research Multisensory contributions to the
... range goes from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz in young healthy adults (see [14]). Despite these important differences, one interesting aspect is that, albeit small, there is a window of overlap between the ranges of vibratory sensitivity of each modality that provides the basis for audio-tactile interaction ...
... range goes from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz in young healthy adults (see [14]). Despite these important differences, one interesting aspect is that, albeit small, there is a window of overlap between the ranges of vibratory sensitivity of each modality that provides the basis for audio-tactile interaction ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
compound action potential: nerve conduction
... produced. This motion is produced by the change in open/closed properties of ion channels in the excitable membrane. To produce the action potential, a stimulus must open sodium channels (NaC) that are closed during the resting potential. At threshold, the entire population of NaC in one region of t ...
... produced. This motion is produced by the change in open/closed properties of ion channels in the excitable membrane. To produce the action potential, a stimulus must open sodium channels (NaC) that are closed during the resting potential. At threshold, the entire population of NaC in one region of t ...
InterimSummary The Nature of Learning
... important one. It involves an association between two stimuli. A stimulus that previously had little effect on behavior becomes able to evoke a reflexive, species-typical behavior. For example, a defensive eyeblink response can be conditioned to a tone. If we direct a brief puff of air toward a rabb ...
... important one. It involves an association between two stimuli. A stimulus that previously had little effect on behavior becomes able to evoke a reflexive, species-typical behavior. For example, a defensive eyeblink response can be conditioned to a tone. If we direct a brief puff of air toward a rabb ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... for stable firing (Fransen et al., 2002; Fransen et al., 2006), linearly growing firing (Durstewitz, 2003), and firing during an interval of learned duration (Shouval and Gavornik, 2011). Here, we propose a simple model for exponentially decaying after-discharge firing that depends on CAN current. ...
... for stable firing (Fransen et al., 2002; Fransen et al., 2006), linearly growing firing (Durstewitz, 2003), and firing during an interval of learned duration (Shouval and Gavornik, 2011). Here, we propose a simple model for exponentially decaying after-discharge firing that depends on CAN current. ...
Consciousness Operates Beyond the Timescale
... patients undergoing brain surgery (craniotomy). He has shown that if certain areas of the brain are exposed and gently stimulated by an electrode, the subject may suddenly be transported in a fully conscious state into some past experience which is recalled with such vividness that he does not seem ...
... patients undergoing brain surgery (craniotomy). He has shown that if certain areas of the brain are exposed and gently stimulated by an electrode, the subject may suddenly be transported in a fully conscious state into some past experience which is recalled with such vividness that he does not seem ...
lecture 11 body temp role of hypothalamus
... Located in the dorsomedial portion of the posterior hypothalamus near the wall of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for shivering. This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals fr ...
... Located in the dorsomedial portion of the posterior hypothalamus near the wall of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for shivering. This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals fr ...
17_QuizShowQuestions
... Regarding neurons in the ANS, which of the following statements is false? a. In the ANS, the axons of a visceral motor neuron in the CNS innervates a second neuron located in a peripheral ganglion. b. Visceral motor neurons in the CNS, known as postganglionic neurons, send their axons, known as post ...
... Regarding neurons in the ANS, which of the following statements is false? a. In the ANS, the axons of a visceral motor neuron in the CNS innervates a second neuron located in a peripheral ganglion. b. Visceral motor neurons in the CNS, known as postganglionic neurons, send their axons, known as post ...
Optogenetics Review1 - Department Of Biological Sciences
... electrical stimulation methods: finer spatiotemporal resolution and parallel stimulations at multiple sites (Callaway €ck 2004). These methods are & Yuste 2002; Miesenbo also less harmful and more convenient than electrical stimulation methods. Another breakthrough combined optical stimulation with ...
... electrical stimulation methods: finer spatiotemporal resolution and parallel stimulations at multiple sites (Callaway €ck 2004). These methods are & Yuste 2002; Miesenbo also less harmful and more convenient than electrical stimulation methods. Another breakthrough combined optical stimulation with ...
Nothing can be coincidence: synaptic inhibition and plasticity in the
... likely to be the tonic inhibition from Purkinje cells that keeps them firing. Minimizing inhibitory synaptic depression in spontaneously firing neurons During cerebellar behaviors, increased activity in Purkinje neurons can and does suppress firing by nuclear neurons [21,22]. Studies in cerebellar s ...
... likely to be the tonic inhibition from Purkinje cells that keeps them firing. Minimizing inhibitory synaptic depression in spontaneously firing neurons During cerebellar behaviors, increased activity in Purkinje neurons can and does suppress firing by nuclear neurons [21,22]. Studies in cerebellar s ...
Stereological estimation of dendritic coverage in the capybara SCG
... occupied by synaptic axon profiles by using a combination of electron-immunohistochemical labelling for synaptophysin and applying a design-based stereological methodology. Based on an allometric analysis, which took into account the SCG volume, we have previously predicted some 34.1 billion axo-den ...
... occupied by synaptic axon profiles by using a combination of electron-immunohistochemical labelling for synaptophysin and applying a design-based stereological methodology. Based on an allometric analysis, which took into account the SCG volume, we have previously predicted some 34.1 billion axo-den ...
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch
... that pitch-relevant neural activity is based on the temporal pattern of neural activity in the brainstem. In light of these earlier ¢ndings, it is postulated that the phase-locked activity underlying the FFR generation is also su⁄ciently dynamic to encode time-varying pitch of speech sounds. The spe ...
... that pitch-relevant neural activity is based on the temporal pattern of neural activity in the brainstem. In light of these earlier ¢ndings, it is postulated that the phase-locked activity underlying the FFR generation is also su⁄ciently dynamic to encode time-varying pitch of speech sounds. The spe ...
Ca Channels As Integrators of G Protein
... Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York ...
... Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York ...
Buzsaki and Draguhn (2004), Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical
... ry synchronization (3, 36–38). However, local responses are deemed nonsynchronous. Aloscillation is a result of two opposing effects. connections alone place major constraints on though synchronous assemblies can also be The leak conductance and capacitance of the global synchrony in growing brains ...
... ry synchronization (3, 36–38). However, local responses are deemed nonsynchronous. Aloscillation is a result of two opposing effects. connections alone place major constraints on though synchronous assemblies can also be The leak conductance and capacitance of the global synchrony in growing brains ...
Know Pain in General - Choose your language | Know Pain
... Immune system External stressors Psychiatric aspects ...
... Immune system External stressors Psychiatric aspects ...
Spinal Cord Review
... system, 2) awareness of the position and status of muscles and joints by conscious proprioception and 3) visual input regarding our position. Closing the eyes has only slight effect on the normal individual's stance since the vestibular and conscious proprioception systems are sufficient. In a patie ...
... system, 2) awareness of the position and status of muscles and joints by conscious proprioception and 3) visual input regarding our position. Closing the eyes has only slight effect on the normal individual's stance since the vestibular and conscious proprioception systems are sufficient. In a patie ...
Human brain spots emotion in non humanoid
... emotion, emoticons (also called smileys) created to convey a human state of emotion and instantly taken as such, landscapes or social pictures likely to generate recalls of past emotional events, etc. Less is known, however, concerning brain responses to expressive stimuli devoid of humanity and tha ...
... emotion, emoticons (also called smileys) created to convey a human state of emotion and instantly taken as such, landscapes or social pictures likely to generate recalls of past emotional events, etc. Less is known, however, concerning brain responses to expressive stimuli devoid of humanity and tha ...
Cell-Type Specific Properties of Pyramidal
... mouse lines for the 2 L5 cell types expressing EGFP under the control of either a promoter for a transcription factor (ets variant gene [etv] 1) or the promoter for a glycosyltransferase (glycosyltransferase 25 domain containing [glt] 2). Each is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of the slend ...
... mouse lines for the 2 L5 cell types expressing EGFP under the control of either a promoter for a transcription factor (ets variant gene [etv] 1) or the promoter for a glycosyltransferase (glycosyltransferase 25 domain containing [glt] 2). Each is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of the slend ...
May 11, 04copy.doc
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
Somatic motor pathways
... Free nerve endings are used to detect pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch. Encapsulated nerve endings are used to detect pressure, vibration and some touch. ...
... Free nerve endings are used to detect pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch. Encapsulated nerve endings are used to detect pressure, vibration and some touch. ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.