Brainwaves ("40 Hz") Research
... in brief runs in these responses. "Induced rhythms" at 50-60 Hz were first described in olfactory bulb by Adrian [1]. They have since been found in: olfactory [4], visual [3a, 3b, 6, 7, 8, 11, 22], auditory [13, 16], somatosensory [2], and motor cortex [17, 19, 21]. Gamma oscillations also occur in ...
... in brief runs in these responses. "Induced rhythms" at 50-60 Hz were first described in olfactory bulb by Adrian [1]. They have since been found in: olfactory [4], visual [3a, 3b, 6, 7, 8, 11, 22], auditory [13, 16], somatosensory [2], and motor cortex [17, 19, 21]. Gamma oscillations also occur in ...
Musculoskeletal Physiology
... Monosynaptic stretch reflex When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, it contracts. This response is called the stretch reflex. The stimulus that initiates the reflex is stretch of the muscle, and the response is contraction of the muscle being stretched. The sense organ is a ...
... Monosynaptic stretch reflex When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, it contracts. This response is called the stretch reflex. The stimulus that initiates the reflex is stretch of the muscle, and the response is contraction of the muscle being stretched. The sense organ is a ...
The Brain Implements Optimal Decision Making between Alternative Actions
... time (RT) data in tasks involving a choice between two or more alternative actions, various mathematical models have been proposed which assume that, during the decision process, noisy evidence supporting the alternative actions is accumulated and an action is executed as soon as certain criteria ar ...
... time (RT) data in tasks involving a choice between two or more alternative actions, various mathematical models have been proposed which assume that, during the decision process, noisy evidence supporting the alternative actions is accumulated and an action is executed as soon as certain criteria ar ...
Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory
... ago, they only need to contain unique identifiers of various entities, and that this can be achieved using relatively small molecules, using a random code (‘ID molecules’). In this paper, the logistics of information flow are followed through the steps of storage and retrieval, and the conclusion re ...
... ago, they only need to contain unique identifiers of various entities, and that this can be achieved using relatively small molecules, using a random code (‘ID molecules’). In this paper, the logistics of information flow are followed through the steps of storage and retrieval, and the conclusion re ...
Communication as an emergent metaphor for neuronal operation
... fixed dimensionality. Thus the overall performance of classical networks relies heavily on their underlying model of the external world. In other words, it is not the networks that are ‘smart’, it is the choice of the world model that matters. Networks need to obtain ‘appropriate’ data in order to ‘ ...
... fixed dimensionality. Thus the overall performance of classical networks relies heavily on their underlying model of the external world. In other words, it is not the networks that are ‘smart’, it is the choice of the world model that matters. Networks need to obtain ‘appropriate’ data in order to ‘ ...
Bioelectric Phenomena
... Chapter 3 briefly described the nervous system and the concept of a neuron. Here, the description of a neuron is extended by examining its properties at rest and during excitation. The concepts introduced here are basic and allow further investigation of more sophisticated models of the neuron or gr ...
... Chapter 3 briefly described the nervous system and the concept of a neuron. Here, the description of a neuron is extended by examining its properties at rest and during excitation. The concepts introduced here are basic and allow further investigation of more sophisticated models of the neuron or gr ...
Document
... Hebb’s Law can be represented in the form of two rules: 1. If two neurons on either side of a connection are activated synchronously, then the weight of that connection is increased. 2. If two neurons on either side of a connection are activated asynchronously, then the weight of that connection is ...
... Hebb’s Law can be represented in the form of two rules: 1. If two neurons on either side of a connection are activated synchronously, then the weight of that connection is increased. 2. If two neurons on either side of a connection are activated asynchronously, then the weight of that connection is ...
File - Respiratory Therapy Files
... • Increased serum levels of Ca++ • Symptoms are directly related to degree of elevation • Clients with metastatic cancer are ...
... • Increased serum levels of Ca++ • Symptoms are directly related to degree of elevation • Clients with metastatic cancer are ...
Nervous Systems
... color. The result is a “brainbow” like the one in Figure 49.1, which highlights neurons in the brain of a mouse. In this image, each neuron expresses one of more than 90 different color combinations of four fluorescent proteins. Using the brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed ...
... color. The result is a “brainbow” like the one in Figure 49.1, which highlights neurons in the brain of a mouse. In this image, each neuron expresses one of more than 90 different color combinations of four fluorescent proteins. Using the brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed ...
Differentiating Noxious- and Innocuous
... 2001 for the influence of muscle pain on touch perception). Considering the substantial overlap in activity evoked by noxious and innocuous stimuli within both SI and SII (Coghill et al. 1994; Gelnar et al. 1999), these regions may, indeed, be involved in both perception and modulation of both painf ...
... 2001 for the influence of muscle pain on touch perception). Considering the substantial overlap in activity evoked by noxious and innocuous stimuli within both SI and SII (Coghill et al. 1994; Gelnar et al. 1999), these regions may, indeed, be involved in both perception and modulation of both painf ...
Learning Goals
... Draw a neuron synapsing on another neuron and label the cell body, axon hillock, axon, synaptic terminals, preand post-synaptic cell. Identify the pump and channel in the neuronal membrane that are important for setting the resting potential and predict how the potential changes if you alter the ...
... Draw a neuron synapsing on another neuron and label the cell body, axon hillock, axon, synaptic terminals, preand post-synaptic cell. Identify the pump and channel in the neuronal membrane that are important for setting the resting potential and predict how the potential changes if you alter the ...
Neural Cell Assemblies for Practical
... be a concept/or part of a concept. Once such a system is available, one can have the advantage of viewing the full picture before getting at the low level details. This naturally is dependent on the feasibility of untangling the sub-patterns that makes up the large memory. This is possible with a gr ...
... be a concept/or part of a concept. Once such a system is available, one can have the advantage of viewing the full picture before getting at the low level details. This naturally is dependent on the feasibility of untangling the sub-patterns that makes up the large memory. This is possible with a gr ...
49-Nervous System - Northwest ISD Moodle
... color. The result is a “brainbow” like the one in Figure 49.1, which highlights neurons in the brain of a mouse. In this image, each neuron expresses one of more than 90 different color combinations of four fluorescent proteins. Using the brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed ...
... color. The result is a “brainbow” like the one in Figure 49.1, which highlights neurons in the brain of a mouse. In this image, each neuron expresses one of more than 90 different color combinations of four fluorescent proteins. Using the brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed ...
Faithful Expression of Multiple Proteins via 2A
... Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, 2Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland, and 3Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germ ...
... Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, 2Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland, and 3Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germ ...
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of
... have been shown to be extremely similar to the molecular cascade implicated in long-term potentiation in the mammalian brain (Colley & Routtenberg, 1993) as well as in the nervous system of invertebrates (Krasne & Glanzman, 1995). Interestingly enough, the endogenous opioid neurotransmission system ...
... have been shown to be extremely similar to the molecular cascade implicated in long-term potentiation in the mammalian brain (Colley & Routtenberg, 1993) as well as in the nervous system of invertebrates (Krasne & Glanzman, 1995). Interestingly enough, the endogenous opioid neurotransmission system ...
the cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... midline. These are the fastigial, the interposed (consisting of the globose and emboliform nuclei), and the dentate nuclei. Three pairs of large fiber tracts, called cerebellar peduncles (inferior, middle, and superior peduncle on each side), contain input and output fibers connecting the cerebellum ...
... midline. These are the fastigial, the interposed (consisting of the globose and emboliform nuclei), and the dentate nuclei. Three pairs of large fiber tracts, called cerebellar peduncles (inferior, middle, and superior peduncle on each side), contain input and output fibers connecting the cerebellum ...
The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles which
... The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles which are attached to the skeleton, which provides the pulling power for us to move around. The main job of the muscular system is to provide movement for the body. The muscular system consist of three different types of muscle tissues : skele ...
... The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles which are attached to the skeleton, which provides the pulling power for us to move around. The main job of the muscular system is to provide movement for the body. The muscular system consist of three different types of muscle tissues : skele ...
Chapter 96: Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Addiction
... ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels may be preferentially affected by ethanol because, as complex multimeric proteins, they may be particularly vulnerable to ethanolmediated changes in their lipid environment. The alternative hypothesis is that ethanol interacts with specific hydrophobic regions ...
... ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels may be preferentially affected by ethanol because, as complex multimeric proteins, they may be particularly vulnerable to ethanolmediated changes in their lipid environment. The alternative hypothesis is that ethanol interacts with specific hydrophobic regions ...
primary motor cortex - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... Central Sensorimotor Programs Perhaps all but the highest levels of the sensorimotor system have patterns of activity programmed into them and complex movements are produced by activating these programs. Cerebellum and basal ganglia then serve to coordinate the various programs. ...
... Central Sensorimotor Programs Perhaps all but the highest levels of the sensorimotor system have patterns of activity programmed into them and complex movements are produced by activating these programs. Cerebellum and basal ganglia then serve to coordinate the various programs. ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... The action potential of the cardiac and smooth muscle fibers: However, in some tissues such as in cardiac muscles (atria, ventricles, and Purkinje fibers) and some smooth muscles, the excitable membrane does not repolarized immediately after depolarization but instead, the potential remains on a pla ...
... The action potential of the cardiac and smooth muscle fibers: However, in some tissues such as in cardiac muscles (atria, ventricles, and Purkinje fibers) and some smooth muscles, the excitable membrane does not repolarized immediately after depolarization but instead, the potential remains on a pla ...
C fibres (dull pain)
... fibers and central cells that permits only one type of nerve impulse (pain or no pain) to pass through. Serving in a capacity similar to that of a “switch operator” in a railroad yard, the SG monitors the amount of activity occurring on both incoming tracts in a convergent system Opening and closing ...
... fibers and central cells that permits only one type of nerve impulse (pain or no pain) to pass through. Serving in a capacity similar to that of a “switch operator” in a railroad yard, the SG monitors the amount of activity occurring on both incoming tracts in a convergent system Opening and closing ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... of manifesting the mature AS phenotype and suggestthat there is a determinative interaction betweenthese 2 neurons that is responsiblefor their asymmetricdifferentiation (Martindale and Shankland, 1990). When a selectedgroup of neurons,including an immature AS homologue, are ablated on one side of a ...
... of manifesting the mature AS phenotype and suggestthat there is a determinative interaction betweenthese 2 neurons that is responsiblefor their asymmetricdifferentiation (Martindale and Shankland, 1990). When a selectedgroup of neurons,including an immature AS homologue, are ablated on one side of a ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.