What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... (“where”) information and object (“what”) information is roughly segregated into the dorsal and ventral cortical visual pathways (Mishkin et al., 1983; Goodale and Milner, 1992). This hypothetical scheme poses a problem, however, when we plan to make a motor action aiming at a particular object, say ...
... (“where”) information and object (“what”) information is roughly segregated into the dorsal and ventral cortical visual pathways (Mishkin et al., 1983; Goodale and Milner, 1992). This hypothetical scheme poses a problem, however, when we plan to make a motor action aiming at a particular object, say ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... analyzed using a data acquisition interface and software from Cambridge Electronic Design. In order to induce a discharge pattern similar to that evoked in the awake animal by auditory stimulation, depolarizing current pulses of the same duration (50 ms) were given. The intensity of the current inje ...
... analyzed using a data acquisition interface and software from Cambridge Electronic Design. In order to induce a discharge pattern similar to that evoked in the awake animal by auditory stimulation, depolarizing current pulses of the same duration (50 ms) were given. The intensity of the current inje ...
nervous tissue, 030717
... Unipolar neurons have dendrites and an axon fused together to form a continuous process—they are found in certain sensory receptors of the skin. Neuronal processes = dendrites and axons. ...
... Unipolar neurons have dendrites and an axon fused together to form a continuous process—they are found in certain sensory receptors of the skin. Neuronal processes = dendrites and axons. ...
spinal cord - Zanichelli
... potential In resting potential the axon is not conducting the impulse. Inside, the cell is negative at rest. The potential depends on the concentration of ions (Na+ and K+) in and out the membrane. [ Na+]out > [ Na+]in [ K+]in > [ K+]out Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012 ...
... potential In resting potential the axon is not conducting the impulse. Inside, the cell is negative at rest. The potential depends on the concentration of ions (Na+ and K+) in and out the membrane. [ Na+]out > [ Na+]in [ K+]in > [ K+]out Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012 ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron’s response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron’s response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
Are fast/slow process in motor adaptation and forward/inverse
... time constant. They could accurately predict motor responses to novel force fields and other forms of disturbance and quantify the patterns of generalization [5–8]. However, most of these models were unable to explain some of the observations such as the phenomenon of savings, spontaneous recovery, a ...
... time constant. They could accurately predict motor responses to novel force fields and other forms of disturbance and quantify the patterns of generalization [5–8]. However, most of these models were unable to explain some of the observations such as the phenomenon of savings, spontaneous recovery, a ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... USA) tungsten microelectrodes from single neurons in the amygdala, which included areas in which taste responses have previously been described (Sanghera et al., 1979; Nishijo et al., 1988a,b; Scott et al., 1993), using neurophysiological methods as described previously (Scott et al., 1986a,b; Rolls ...
... USA) tungsten microelectrodes from single neurons in the amygdala, which included areas in which taste responses have previously been described (Sanghera et al., 1979; Nishijo et al., 1988a,b; Scott et al., 1993), using neurophysiological methods as described previously (Scott et al., 1986a,b; Rolls ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... The molecular understanding of target-derived retrograde factors began with the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its potent effects on the survival and growth of sympathetic and sensory neurons in culture (66, 212). That NGF is required for the survival of sympathetic and sensory ganglion ...
... The molecular understanding of target-derived retrograde factors began with the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its potent effects on the survival and growth of sympathetic and sensory neurons in culture (66, 212). That NGF is required for the survival of sympathetic and sensory ganglion ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... If the excitatory input from geniculate relay cells is the dominant input to simple cells and defines their subfields, then many of the response properties of simple cells should resemble those of the relay cells. That both relay cell centers and simple cell subfields come in ON and OFF varieties is ...
... If the excitatory input from geniculate relay cells is the dominant input to simple cells and defines their subfields, then many of the response properties of simple cells should resemble those of the relay cells. That both relay cell centers and simple cell subfields come in ON and OFF varieties is ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... air ventilation is associated with combined CNS effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia. The effects of gas tension changes on the field potentials and on the membrane potential of individual neurons are schematically shown in Fig. 2.15. In the corresponding animal experiments, the artificial ventilation ...
... air ventilation is associated with combined CNS effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia. The effects of gas tension changes on the field potentials and on the membrane potential of individual neurons are schematically shown in Fig. 2.15. In the corresponding animal experiments, the artificial ventilation ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... ion fluxes return the membrane potential to its resting value. Macroscopic ion fluxes depend on the number of individual ion-selective channels present in the cell, the probability that those channels are open at any time, and the conductance of individual channels, all of which may vary and depend ...
... ion fluxes return the membrane potential to its resting value. Macroscopic ion fluxes depend on the number of individual ion-selective channels present in the cell, the probability that those channels are open at any time, and the conductance of individual channels, all of which may vary and depend ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... Following repetitive changes in ion fluxes across the axonal cell membrane through the various types of channels described above, a series of all-or-nothing action potentials reaches the axon terminal at the synapse of the neuromuscular junction (1). The arrival of the action potentials depolarizes ...
... Following repetitive changes in ion fluxes across the axonal cell membrane through the various types of channels described above, a series of all-or-nothing action potentials reaches the axon terminal at the synapse of the neuromuscular junction (1). The arrival of the action potentials depolarizes ...
NEOCORTEX
... the entire dendritic tree. These neurons form a small subclass of the inhibitory neuron population. At another extreme are neurons such as the Betz cell, a large pyramidal neuron that is found in the motor cortex (area 4) and bears about 10,000 spines. Each spine forms a Type I (see later and Chap. ...
... the entire dendritic tree. These neurons form a small subclass of the inhibitory neuron population. At another extreme are neurons such as the Betz cell, a large pyramidal neuron that is found in the motor cortex (area 4) and bears about 10,000 spines. Each spine forms a Type I (see later and Chap. ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
LYRICA (pregabalin) eLearning System
... The nervous system is central to a myriad of complex, interrelated functions, including thought, mood, perception of pain and other sensory input, regulation of sleep, and control of movement. The interactions among the functional components of the nervous system are central to its effective functio ...
... The nervous system is central to a myriad of complex, interrelated functions, including thought, mood, perception of pain and other sensory input, regulation of sleep, and control of movement. The interactions among the functional components of the nervous system are central to its effective functio ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
Adaptive neural coding: from biological to behavioral decision
... the direct driving input di to that neuron and the summed driving input from the entire pool (typically including neuron i). The parameters rmax and b govern the maximal response level and the effect of spontaneous activity, respectively, while the exponent a represents the exponentiation of inputs. ...
... the direct driving input di to that neuron and the summed driving input from the entire pool (typically including neuron i). The parameters rmax and b govern the maximal response level and the effect of spontaneous activity, respectively, while the exponent a represents the exponentiation of inputs. ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... weak or no response when the same action, previously recorded, was shown on the screen. A similar observation was reported by Hari and coworkers in human subjects (Jarvelainen et al., 2001). These authors found that brain activation as recorded by MEG was higher when subjects observed hand actions m ...
... weak or no response when the same action, previously recorded, was shown on the screen. A similar observation was reported by Hari and coworkers in human subjects (Jarvelainen et al., 2001). These authors found that brain activation as recorded by MEG was higher when subjects observed hand actions m ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... frequency-dependent dynamics. For example, of the three distinct vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluTs), VGluT1, but not VGluT2 or 3, binds endophilin, an interaction that is necessary for efficient endocytosis of vesicles during prolonged high-frequency stimulation26, 27. This may enable VGluT1+ ...
... frequency-dependent dynamics. For example, of the three distinct vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluTs), VGluT1, but not VGluT2 or 3, binds endophilin, an interaction that is necessary for efficient endocytosis of vesicles during prolonged high-frequency stimulation26, 27. This may enable VGluT1+ ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... was not constant across individual action potentials during a recording epoch (Figs. 2A, B, 3A and 4A). In addition, we noticed that the membrane potential between action potentials could occasionally exceed the minimum threshold voltage observed for that cell without initiating an action potential ...
... was not constant across individual action potentials during a recording epoch (Figs. 2A, B, 3A and 4A). In addition, we noticed that the membrane potential between action potentials could occasionally exceed the minimum threshold voltage observed for that cell without initiating an action potential ...