Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... accept artificial earbars. Electrodes were implanted in the ventral tegmental area for ICSS. The rat was trained to lick when the spout was automatically placed close to its mouth. Licking was signaled by a photoelectric sensor triggered by the tongue. Electric shock was delivered from the grid on a ...
... accept artificial earbars. Electrodes were implanted in the ventral tegmental area for ICSS. The rat was trained to lick when the spout was automatically placed close to its mouth. Licking was signaled by a photoelectric sensor triggered by the tongue. Electric shock was delivered from the grid on a ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
Integration of Sensory and Reward Information
... 1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America ...
... 1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... autonomic motor neurons are located specifically in thoracic regions (Prasad and Hollyday, 1991; Gutman et al., 1993; Cornbrooks et al., 1997). Motor neurons of the Lateral Motor Column (LMC) are generated exclusively at forelimb and hindlimb levels and form medial (LMCm) and lateral (LMCl) division ...
... autonomic motor neurons are located specifically in thoracic regions (Prasad and Hollyday, 1991; Gutman et al., 1993; Cornbrooks et al., 1997). Motor neurons of the Lateral Motor Column (LMC) are generated exclusively at forelimb and hindlimb levels and form medial (LMCm) and lateral (LMCl) division ...
The parasympathetic system
... column of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L3). Their axons project to paravertebral ganglia (the sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia. ...
... column of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L3). Their axons project to paravertebral ganglia (the sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia. ...
Full version (PDF file)
... The amplitudes of both DPSPs were graded with the intensity of the stimulation (ventral n=10, dorsal n=4) (Fig. 2A), decreased with membrane potential depolarization and increased with membrane potential hyperpolarization (ventral n=3, dorsal n=3) (Fig. 2B). These synaptic potentials were also rever ...
... The amplitudes of both DPSPs were graded with the intensity of the stimulation (ventral n=10, dorsal n=4) (Fig. 2A), decreased with membrane potential depolarization and increased with membrane potential hyperpolarization (ventral n=3, dorsal n=3) (Fig. 2B). These synaptic potentials were also rever ...
A Neural Network of Adaptively Timed Reinforcement
... One of the main tasks of the present work is to show how processes such as adaptive timing, reinforcement learning, attention, and motor learning differ, yet are linked in the control of behavior. Thus the exposition needs to describe several different types of circuits that form part of a larger ne ...
... One of the main tasks of the present work is to show how processes such as adaptive timing, reinforcement learning, attention, and motor learning differ, yet are linked in the control of behavior. Thus the exposition needs to describe several different types of circuits that form part of a larger ne ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... a part of the thalamus, and the visual cortex with its many different areas. All these structures are connected by afferent fibers and the hierarchical arrangement, which dominates the first levels, is given up at the level of the cortex, where it is replaced by a widely branching parallel connectiv ...
... a part of the thalamus, and the visual cortex with its many different areas. All these structures are connected by afferent fibers and the hierarchical arrangement, which dominates the first levels, is given up at the level of the cortex, where it is replaced by a widely branching parallel connectiv ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... Fig. 2 – BDIs are frequent, non-random, stable and activity regulated structures: Analysis was performed either on 12DIV cultures immunostained for MAP2, or on phase-contrast time-lapse series of images. Treatments were administered for the final 48 h before immunostaining. (A) Neuronal cultures exh ...
... Fig. 2 – BDIs are frequent, non-random, stable and activity regulated structures: Analysis was performed either on 12DIV cultures immunostained for MAP2, or on phase-contrast time-lapse series of images. Treatments were administered for the final 48 h before immunostaining. (A) Neuronal cultures exh ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... neurons innervating one swimmeret were clustered in two anatomic groups in the same ganglion. The shapes of motor neurons in both groups were similar, despite the differences in locations of their cell bodies and in their functions. Diameters of their axons in the swimmeret nerve ranged from õ2 to Ç ...
... neurons innervating one swimmeret were clustered in two anatomic groups in the same ganglion. The shapes of motor neurons in both groups were similar, despite the differences in locations of their cell bodies and in their functions. Diameters of their axons in the swimmeret nerve ranged from õ2 to Ç ...
November 2008_Neural_Computing_Systems.SupervisedBackProp
... 1. Backpropagation is a procedure for efficiently calculating the derivatives of some output quantity of a non-linear system, with respect to all inputs and parameters of that system, through calculations proceeding backwards from outputs to inputs. 2. Backpropagation is any technique for adapting t ...
... 1. Backpropagation is a procedure for efficiently calculating the derivatives of some output quantity of a non-linear system, with respect to all inputs and parameters of that system, through calculations proceeding backwards from outputs to inputs. 2. Backpropagation is any technique for adapting t ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... parietal area PF/PFG contains mirror neurons for grasping [8]. Thus, it is likely that the human homologue of PF/PFG is activated by the sight of the grasping action in the Action and Intention conditions, but not in the Context condition, where the action is not presented. The Context condition act ...
... parietal area PF/PFG contains mirror neurons for grasping [8]. Thus, it is likely that the human homologue of PF/PFG is activated by the sight of the grasping action in the Action and Intention conditions, but not in the Context condition, where the action is not presented. The Context condition act ...
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH
... Positive neurons were densely filled, in Golgi-like detail, and therefore unambiguously classified as type 1 (Yan et al., 1996; Estrada and DeFelipe, 1998). No examples of type 2 neurons, defined as small, lightly stained neurons, were evident. Within the broad category of type 1, however, further subp ...
... Positive neurons were densely filled, in Golgi-like detail, and therefore unambiguously classified as type 1 (Yan et al., 1996; Estrada and DeFelipe, 1998). No examples of type 2 neurons, defined as small, lightly stained neurons, were evident. Within the broad category of type 1, however, further subp ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, which resulted in programmed cell death (4 – 6). Morphologic studies have provided a variety of results in relation to sensory neuron survival in animal models of diabetes. Long-term studies of 9 months in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice revealed a signi ...
... associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, which resulted in programmed cell death (4 – 6). Morphologic studies have provided a variety of results in relation to sensory neuron survival in animal models of diabetes. Long-term studies of 9 months in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice revealed a signi ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
Hebbian Learning of Bayes Optimal Decisions
... and that this perspective may help us to understand the principles of computation and learning in the brain [2]. Bayesian inference, or equivalently inference in Bayesian networks [3] is the most commonly considered framework for probabilistic inference, and a mathematical theory for learning in Bay ...
... and that this perspective may help us to understand the principles of computation and learning in the brain [2]. Bayesian inference, or equivalently inference in Bayesian networks [3] is the most commonly considered framework for probabilistic inference, and a mathematical theory for learning in Bay ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... phase, then you may mistake current sensory input for a retrieved memory (déjà vu), or you might mistake your retrieved memory from yesterday as a new event happening today and new information may distort old memories. If retrieval is allowed during the encoding phase, the spread of retrieval activi ...
... phase, then you may mistake current sensory input for a retrieved memory (déjà vu), or you might mistake your retrieved memory from yesterday as a new event happening today and new information may distort old memories. If retrieval is allowed during the encoding phase, the spread of retrieval activi ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... provide many loci for regulation of Ena/VASP function by various signaling pathways. Genetics has provided compelling evidence that Abl interacts with Ena to regulate axon guidance. Abl is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with C-terminal binding sites for globular and filamentous actin. Initial evidenc ...
... provide many loci for regulation of Ena/VASP function by various signaling pathways. Genetics has provided compelling evidence that Abl interacts with Ena to regulate axon guidance. Abl is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with C-terminal binding sites for globular and filamentous actin. Initial evidenc ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... millimeters above the surface of the superior colliculus. The topographic map of the superior colliculus was used as an aide in positioning the pontine electrode (Cynader and Berman 1972; Robinson 1972; Schiller and Stryker 1972). Electrode penetrations directed at the frontal eye field were made ei ...
... millimeters above the surface of the superior colliculus. The topographic map of the superior colliculus was used as an aide in positioning the pontine electrode (Cynader and Berman 1972; Robinson 1972; Schiller and Stryker 1972). Electrode penetrations directed at the frontal eye field were made ei ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... at the level of the palm /plantar using pneumatically driven serrated forceps. The forceps exerted a standard pressure when closed. For multiple recordings, a long interstimulus interval (.15 min) was used to allow recovery of responses. To identif y the location of recorded units, neurons were then ...
... at the level of the palm /plantar using pneumatically driven serrated forceps. The forceps exerted a standard pressure when closed. For multiple recordings, a long interstimulus interval (.15 min) was used to allow recovery of responses. To identif y the location of recorded units, neurons were then ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...