Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... The receptive ®eld of each neuron was tested systematically using a range of different stimuli. The cutaneous facial and cervical receptive ®eld, including the cornea, was assessed in all three trigeminal innervation territories and upper cervical roots, respectively. Additionally, input from subocc ...
... The receptive ®eld of each neuron was tested systematically using a range of different stimuli. The cutaneous facial and cervical receptive ®eld, including the cornea, was assessed in all three trigeminal innervation territories and upper cervical roots, respectively. Additionally, input from subocc ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... simplifying assumption that DA neurons functioned as a homogenous unit was called into question as data emerged that were inconsistent with this account. Although most DA neurons were activated by reward and reward-predictive cues, some were activated by noxious or salient stimuli (Brischoux et al., ...
... simplifying assumption that DA neurons functioned as a homogenous unit was called into question as data emerged that were inconsistent with this account. Although most DA neurons were activated by reward and reward-predictive cues, some were activated by noxious or salient stimuli (Brischoux et al., ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... cause only one allele needs to be recom- d–f, Confocal micrographs of neurons from the same region stained for -galactosidase (green) and the inhibitory neuron marker bined in each cell in the presence of the Cre GAD67 (red). Notice the absence of -galactosidase in these neurons. The background st ...
... cause only one allele needs to be recom- d–f, Confocal micrographs of neurons from the same region stained for -galactosidase (green) and the inhibitory neuron marker bined in each cell in the presence of the Cre GAD67 (red). Notice the absence of -galactosidase in these neurons. The background st ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... for calcium content. Adaptations are specialised for a particular function; they solve a specific problem in an efficient, reliable and precise way. Byproducts can have a range of beneficial effects, but they are not specialised for a particular function. We can ask two questions about any characterist ...
... for calcium content. Adaptations are specialised for a particular function; they solve a specific problem in an efficient, reliable and precise way. Byproducts can have a range of beneficial effects, but they are not specialised for a particular function. We can ask two questions about any characterist ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... Stable object-value association procedure. The goal of this procedure was to create and test stable (long-term) memories of objectvalue association. To achieve this goal, each object was associated with a fixed-reward value during learning. The testing procedure was performed separately with no rewa ...
... Stable object-value association procedure. The goal of this procedure was to create and test stable (long-term) memories of objectvalue association. To achieve this goal, each object was associated with a fixed-reward value during learning. The testing procedure was performed separately with no rewa ...
Mechanisms of Contour Perception in Monkey Visual Cortex. I. Lines
... processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, are common in area V2. We report here the results obtained wit ...
... processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, are common in area V2. We report here the results obtained wit ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... Dual whole-cell recordings allowed us to compare not only the firing rates of layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isol ...
... Dual whole-cell recordings allowed us to compare not only the firing rates of layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isol ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... they found that activation of mirror neurons was only caused by actions in which a hand or mouth interacted with an object. Hand movements that included grasping, manipulating and placing objects caused the strongest mirror neuron activation. The showing of objects alone was not effective in activat ...
... they found that activation of mirror neurons was only caused by actions in which a hand or mouth interacted with an object. Hand movements that included grasping, manipulating and placing objects caused the strongest mirror neuron activation. The showing of objects alone was not effective in activat ...
MIRROR NEURON FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF
... is used in conversing with others. By observing facial expressions and posture, it is possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bus ...
... is used in conversing with others. By observing facial expressions and posture, it is possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bus ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... Our task had variable- and fixed-reward conditions; one of the conditions was randomly assigned for each trial with proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively (Figure 1). Only in fixed-rewardcondition trials, a light stimulus was presented to inform rats of the trial condition. In each trial, rats firs ...
... Our task had variable- and fixed-reward conditions; one of the conditions was randomly assigned for each trial with proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively (Figure 1). Only in fixed-rewardcondition trials, a light stimulus was presented to inform rats of the trial condition. In each trial, rats firs ...
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... neurons had become fragmented into an accumulation of electron-dense granules by invading slender astrocytic cell processes containing glycogen granules and fibrils (Figure 2B–C). Small spots of condensed chromatin were scattered in the nucleus (Figure 2C, inset). These fragmented dark neurons were ...
... neurons had become fragmented into an accumulation of electron-dense granules by invading slender astrocytic cell processes containing glycogen granules and fibrils (Figure 2B–C). Small spots of condensed chromatin were scattered in the nucleus (Figure 2C, inset). These fragmented dark neurons were ...
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... Koester, 1993; Molyneaux et al., 2007). For example, corticofugal axons targeting subcortical structures arise solely from deep-layer (L5 and L6) and subplate (SP; see Glossary, Box 1) neurons, whereas upper-layer (L2-L4) neurons project within the cortex, either intra-hemispherically or contralater ...
... Koester, 1993; Molyneaux et al., 2007). For example, corticofugal axons targeting subcortical structures arise solely from deep-layer (L5 and L6) and subplate (SP; see Glossary, Box 1) neurons, whereas upper-layer (L2-L4) neurons project within the cortex, either intra-hemispherically or contralater ...
Neural Networks
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
Neural Networks
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... in behavioral endocrinology. This means that within a physiological range of doses, the higher the dose, the more effective the hormone at producing a change in a behavior. On the other hand, higher doses of the hormone might have no effect or even an opposite effect on the behavior. Alternatively, ...
... in behavioral endocrinology. This means that within a physiological range of doses, the higher the dose, the more effective the hormone at producing a change in a behavior. On the other hand, higher doses of the hormone might have no effect or even an opposite effect on the behavior. Alternatively, ...
Nerve Cells and Insect Behavior—Studies on Crickets1 This report
... phonotaxis on the treadmill under closed-loop conditions. A. Experimental arrangement with the tread- leave their burrows and search for females mill (center), the infrared sensing and detecting device in the neighbourhood of other calling (IR camera), the electronics to control treadmill males. Mor ...
... phonotaxis on the treadmill under closed-loop conditions. A. Experimental arrangement with the tread- leave their burrows and search for females mill (center), the infrared sensing and detecting device in the neighbourhood of other calling (IR camera), the electronics to control treadmill males. Mor ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... four areas of the MTL. Given the low number of neurons, it is difficult to draw any conclusion about possible distinctions across regions (the number of neurons that followed the percept ranged from 2 to 18). The remaining one third of the selective units did not show a statistically significant res ...
... four areas of the MTL. Given the low number of neurons, it is difficult to draw any conclusion about possible distinctions across regions (the number of neurons that followed the percept ranged from 2 to 18). The remaining one third of the selective units did not show a statistically significant res ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... To illustrate this point we compared electrophysiological recordings made using the laminar probes (MUA and LFP in alternating current coupled mode [LFP]) and saline-filled glass pipettes (LFP recorded in direct-current mode [dcLFP]) during optical stimulation. Fig. 2 depicts a comparison of respons ...
... To illustrate this point we compared electrophysiological recordings made using the laminar probes (MUA and LFP in alternating current coupled mode [LFP]) and saline-filled glass pipettes (LFP recorded in direct-current mode [dcLFP]) during optical stimulation. Fig. 2 depicts a comparison of respons ...
Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... [1]. This completion is known as perceptual filling-in or simply filling-in. In addition to the blind spot, filling-in also occurs in other visual input deficit conditions, e.g. filling-in at the artificial and natural retinal scotoma [2, 3]. In addition to the deficit of input, filling-in also occu ...
... [1]. This completion is known as perceptual filling-in or simply filling-in. In addition to the blind spot, filling-in also occurs in other visual input deficit conditions, e.g. filling-in at the artificial and natural retinal scotoma [2, 3]. In addition to the deficit of input, filling-in also occu ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... cord stump at the site of lesion and stopped elongating after 1 month. At this time, supernumerary sprouts first began to emerge from the normally smooth, rounded contours of the cell body. Based on these observations, we propose that axotomized neurons produce membrane at a constant rate. This newl ...
... cord stump at the site of lesion and stopped elongating after 1 month. At this time, supernumerary sprouts first began to emerge from the normally smooth, rounded contours of the cell body. Based on these observations, we propose that axotomized neurons produce membrane at a constant rate. This newl ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... notion that the motor cortex represents movement parameters. The movements of the arm are governed by muscle forces that exert torques around joints. Models of arm movements typically use joint-angle coordinates, which require the solution of nonlinear inverse kinematics (the computation of joint an ...
... notion that the motor cortex represents movement parameters. The movements of the arm are governed by muscle forces that exert torques around joints. Models of arm movements typically use joint-angle coordinates, which require the solution of nonlinear inverse kinematics (the computation of joint an ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...