Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... and sensory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor converge upon the same glomeruli (Buck and Axel, 1991; Ngai et al., 1993; Ressler et al., 1994). These findings have significantly contributed to understand how the olfactory system processes the information from different odors. Another well- ...
... and sensory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor converge upon the same glomeruli (Buck and Axel, 1991; Ngai et al., 1993; Ressler et al., 1994). These findings have significantly contributed to understand how the olfactory system processes the information from different odors. Another well- ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... whereas EPSPs are evoked in the contralateral LB8a cell (presumably due to a network of electrically coupled cells extending across both hemiganglia). When the soma of B21 was depolarized by a 1-s pulse of current (horizontal line), action potentials were induced that traveled both in the medial and ...
... whereas EPSPs are evoked in the contralateral LB8a cell (presumably due to a network of electrically coupled cells extending across both hemiganglia). When the soma of B21 was depolarized by a 1-s pulse of current (horizontal line), action potentials were induced that traveled both in the medial and ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... immediately to 6 h after TBI (Fig. 3b, e). The number of N-DNs observed during this period was signiWcantly higher than that in the region distant from the contusion (P < 0.01 at 15 and 30 min after TBI; Figs. 2b, 3b). The number of total neurons at the point of 24 h after TBI was decreased compared ...
... immediately to 6 h after TBI (Fig. 3b, e). The number of N-DNs observed during this period was signiWcantly higher than that in the region distant from the contusion (P < 0.01 at 15 and 30 min after TBI; Figs. 2b, 3b). The number of total neurons at the point of 24 h after TBI was decreased compared ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
... evoked by the same stimulus are expected to contain such synchronous episodes much more frequently than responses evoked by different stimuli. To test this prediction, we investigated response synchronization in the middle temporal area (area V5 or MT) of alert fixating macaque monkeys. This area is ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... The action potential of the cardiac and smooth muscle fibers: However, in some tissues such as in cardiac muscles (atria, ventricles, and Purkinje fibers) and some smooth muscles, the excitable membrane does not repolarized immediately after depolarization but instead, the potential remains on a pla ...
... The action potential of the cardiac and smooth muscle fibers: However, in some tissues such as in cardiac muscles (atria, ventricles, and Purkinje fibers) and some smooth muscles, the excitable membrane does not repolarized immediately after depolarization but instead, the potential remains on a pla ...
Common and specific inhibitory motor neurons innervate
... axons entering the posterior intersegmental nerve (N6) from the prothoracic ganglion (T1) (Fig.·2A). One of these three axons entered the first lateral branch of N6, N1A, which innervates muscles 60 and 61 (M60, M61; see Fig.·1). This branch is here termed N1A although it does not actually branch of ...
... axons entering the posterior intersegmental nerve (N6) from the prothoracic ganglion (T1) (Fig.·2A). One of these three axons entered the first lateral branch of N6, N1A, which innervates muscles 60 and 61 (M60, M61; see Fig.·1). This branch is here termed N1A although it does not actually branch of ...
reviews - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... further experimental support46. Because feedback modulation influences the computation of bottom-up features, models of bottom-up attention need to take this into account. An example of a mixed bottom-up and top-down model in which attention enhances spatial resolution47 is discussed later. Computat ...
... further experimental support46. Because feedback modulation influences the computation of bottom-up features, models of bottom-up attention need to take this into account. An example of a mixed bottom-up and top-down model in which attention enhances spatial resolution47 is discussed later. Computat ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
First-in-first-out item replacement in a model of
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
PLoS Biol. 2016 Oct 10.
... (recorded at the microphone roughly 20 cm away from the bird; Fig 3). Given these data, it is very unlikely that NIf neurons in either juveniles or adults convey song-related auditory feedback to HVC. We found no evidence that NIf neurons signal expected auditory feedback such as could arise, for ex ...
... (recorded at the microphone roughly 20 cm away from the bird; Fig 3). Given these data, it is very unlikely that NIf neurons in either juveniles or adults convey song-related auditory feedback to HVC. We found no evidence that NIf neurons signal expected auditory feedback such as could arise, for ex ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... visual cortex lend themselves to an analysis of topography. If information is distributed across cortex in a manner that optimizes cortical continuity, then the relative locations of areas on cortex provides a clue to their functional relationships. For example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motio ...
... visual cortex lend themselves to an analysis of topography. If information is distributed across cortex in a manner that optimizes cortical continuity, then the relative locations of areas on cortex provides a clue to their functional relationships. For example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motio ...
video slide - Course
... • Since most neurons have many synapses on their dendrites and cell body – A single EPSP is usually too small to trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron Terminal branch of presynaptic neuron ...
... • Since most neurons have many synapses on their dendrites and cell body – A single EPSP is usually too small to trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron Terminal branch of presynaptic neuron ...
PDF
... cortical plate (CP, see Glossary, Box 1) – the future cortex. Successive waves of newly generated neurons migrate past the existing early-born neurons and occupy more superficial layers in the CP, creating cortical layers (L) 2-6. Thus, cortical lamination occurs in an ‘inside-out’ fashion (Angevine ...
... cortical plate (CP, see Glossary, Box 1) – the future cortex. Successive waves of newly generated neurons migrate past the existing early-born neurons and occupy more superficial layers in the CP, creating cortical layers (L) 2-6. Thus, cortical lamination occurs in an ‘inside-out’ fashion (Angevine ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... visual cortex lend themselves to an analysis of topography. If information is distributed across cortex in a manner that optimizes cortical continuity, then the relative locations of areas on cortex provides a clue to their functional relationships. For example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motio ...
... visual cortex lend themselves to an analysis of topography. If information is distributed across cortex in a manner that optimizes cortical continuity, then the relative locations of areas on cortex provides a clue to their functional relationships. For example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motio ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
... in fish, cats, and monkeys, but very little is known about how these animals and people use multiple neurons to see. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the visual cortex, but so little is known that previously studied performance of human observers might be accounted for by using a single ...
... in fish, cats, and monkeys, but very little is known about how these animals and people use multiple neurons to see. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the visual cortex, but so little is known that previously studied performance of human observers might be accounted for by using a single ...
The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the
... the dynamic processes associated with the transfer of the neuro-biomechanical system from one equilibrium state to another. The final equilibrium state essentially depends on the parameters the eNS specifies as well as on the external load. It should be emphasized that muscle activation by way of th ...
... the dynamic processes associated with the transfer of the neuro-biomechanical system from one equilibrium state to another. The final equilibrium state essentially depends on the parameters the eNS specifies as well as on the external load. It should be emphasized that muscle activation by way of th ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... hatching and measured approximately 1.5 cm in length from beak to rump. By 15 days of age, their weight increased over lo-fold. The growth of chicks between hatching and 7 days of age was determined, and this was used to estimate the dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by th ...
... hatching and measured approximately 1.5 cm in length from beak to rump. By 15 days of age, their weight increased over lo-fold. The growth of chicks between hatching and 7 days of age was determined, and this was used to estimate the dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by th ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... primate chair the monkeys’ view of the laboratory was limited to a circular aperture in an enclosure that surrounded the chair. Head support and the enclosure ensured that the field of view was restricted to visual stimuli presented in the aperture. The aperture allowed different types of visual sti ...
... primate chair the monkeys’ view of the laboratory was limited to a circular aperture in an enclosure that surrounded the chair. Head support and the enclosure ensured that the field of view was restricted to visual stimuli presented in the aperture. The aperture allowed different types of visual sti ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... • My parents, for all their loving support and patience, without which this thesis would never have been possible. ...
... • My parents, for all their loving support and patience, without which this thesis would never have been possible. ...