SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... LKB1Nestin-cre mice formed neuromuscular junctions on muscle fibers (data not shown), and sensory axons formed specialized endings on peripheral targets (see below). In addition, we deleted SAD-A/B and LKB1 from retinal progenitors using retina-specific cre lines and found that photoreceptors, retin ...
... LKB1Nestin-cre mice formed neuromuscular junctions on muscle fibers (data not shown), and sensory axons formed specialized endings on peripheral targets (see below). In addition, we deleted SAD-A/B and LKB1 from retinal progenitors using retina-specific cre lines and found that photoreceptors, retin ...
nervous system physiology 4
... interaction of the cross-bridges from the myosin filaments with the actin filaments), causing them to slide alongside each other, which is the contractile process. Energy (ATP) is needed for the contractile process to proceed. After a fraction of a second, Ca2+ are pumped back into SR by a Ca2+-memb ...
... interaction of the cross-bridges from the myosin filaments with the actin filaments), causing them to slide alongside each other, which is the contractile process. Energy (ATP) is needed for the contractile process to proceed. After a fraction of a second, Ca2+ are pumped back into SR by a Ca2+-memb ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric signal to sustain the same membrane potential as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, ...
... and stronger. Therefore axons have a system that boots the electric signal to sustain the same membrane potential as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... We measured dendritic spines of basal dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons in the superior middle temporal lobe, Brodmann Area 21 (BA21), a region implicated in ASD due to its participation in brain networks involved in social and communicative processes, including language, social and speech perc ...
... We measured dendritic spines of basal dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons in the superior middle temporal lobe, Brodmann Area 21 (BA21), a region implicated in ASD due to its participation in brain networks involved in social and communicative processes, including language, social and speech perc ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Localize to Synapses under Energy Stress to
... animals carrying the ola72 allele, synaptic vesicle proteins cluster normally under normoxic conditions (Figures 1J, 1M, 1O, S1C, and S1L). However, under hypoxic conditions (induced by mounting animals under a glass coverslip [Pitts and Toombs, 2004] or by incubation in a hypoxia chamber), these sy ...
... animals carrying the ola72 allele, synaptic vesicle proteins cluster normally under normoxic conditions (Figures 1J, 1M, 1O, S1C, and S1L). However, under hypoxic conditions (induced by mounting animals under a glass coverslip [Pitts and Toombs, 2004] or by incubation in a hypoxia chamber), these sy ...
Multi-chip dataflow architecture for massive scale biophysically
... a way that it is possible to implement it over multiple chips. Experimental results have shown that it is possible to use up to 8 chips and still keeping the communication costs linear with the number of simulated neurons. The systems is very flexible and allows to tune, during run-time, various par ...
... a way that it is possible to implement it over multiple chips. Experimental results have shown that it is possible to use up to 8 chips and still keeping the communication costs linear with the number of simulated neurons. The systems is very flexible and allows to tune, during run-time, various par ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... could operate as a feed-forward, off-centre/on-surround network across the basal ganglia as a whole (see Mink, 1996). Lastly, local reciprocal inhibition within the output nuclei could sharpen up the final selections. Using the action selection hypothesis as an organising principle, Gurney et al. (2 ...
... could operate as a feed-forward, off-centre/on-surround network across the basal ganglia as a whole (see Mink, 1996). Lastly, local reciprocal inhibition within the output nuclei could sharpen up the final selections. Using the action selection hypothesis as an organising principle, Gurney et al. (2 ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... software (Newtek Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA). For this purpose a Perl script was developed. This script reads a Neurolucida data file and converts it into a Lightwave script, in which the X, Y, and Z polygon coordinates corresponding to each structure (i.e., cell body, dendrites, axons, Acb shell/co ...
... software (Newtek Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA). For this purpose a Perl script was developed. This script reads a Neurolucida data file and converts it into a Lightwave script, in which the X, Y, and Z polygon coordinates corresponding to each structure (i.e., cell body, dendrites, axons, Acb shell/co ...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... characterized by seizures, known as "attacks”. The symptoms of epilepsy depending on the type of seizure, the individual person, and other factors. Symptoms also include loss of consciousness or unusual emotions, sensations, and behaviors. The Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals involve a great deal ...
... characterized by seizures, known as "attacks”. The symptoms of epilepsy depending on the type of seizure, the individual person, and other factors. Symptoms also include loss of consciousness or unusual emotions, sensations, and behaviors. The Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals involve a great deal ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex (EC) slice preparation, we tested whether EC layer III neurons display persistent firing due to mGluR activation, independently of choliner ...
... suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex (EC) slice preparation, we tested whether EC layer III neurons display persistent firing due to mGluR activation, independently of choliner ...
completion
... Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use. ANS: monoamine oxidases ...
... Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use. ANS: monoamine oxidases ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... completed22. However, differences in their distribution, especially after CNS injury, present regenerating axons with a drastically altered signalling environment. Of more than 50 guidance factors and receptors included in our search of the literature, the majority maintains some expression in the a ...
... completed22. However, differences in their distribution, especially after CNS injury, present regenerating axons with a drastically altered signalling environment. Of more than 50 guidance factors and receptors included in our search of the literature, the majority maintains some expression in the a ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... SMA Motor Neurons Are Hyperexcitable One possible explanation for the reduced responses to dorsal root stimulation in SMA mice could be that SMA motor neurons have lower input resistance and are hypoexcitable. To test this hypothesis, we performed intracellular recordings from identified SMA motor n ...
... SMA Motor Neurons Are Hyperexcitable One possible explanation for the reduced responses to dorsal root stimulation in SMA mice could be that SMA motor neurons have lower input resistance and are hypoexcitable. To test this hypothesis, we performed intracellular recordings from identified SMA motor n ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the res ...
... [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the res ...
Topographic cues of nanoscale height direct neuronal growth pattern
... anti-tubulin (Fig. 3B). Here we can clearly see the neuronal processes, established and newly formed, navigate onto the substrate, encounter a ridge and align with it. On top of the ridges the neuronal processes seem to appear as straight lines aligned with the line ridges. During the navigation per ...
... anti-tubulin (Fig. 3B). Here we can clearly see the neuronal processes, established and newly formed, navigate onto the substrate, encounter a ridge and align with it. On top of the ridges the neuronal processes seem to appear as straight lines aligned with the line ridges. During the navigation per ...
Inducing Any Virtual Two-Dimensional Movement in Humans by
... recorded. Second, the instantaneous tangential vector components of the trajectory were determined every 200 ms using the formula ẋ(t) ⫽ [x(t ⫹ 1) ⫺ x(t ⫺ 1)]/2, and likewise for ẏ. This time window was identical to the one used by Roll et al. (2004) to compute the afferent inputs recorded in micr ...
... recorded. Second, the instantaneous tangential vector components of the trajectory were determined every 200 ms using the formula ẋ(t) ⫽ [x(t ⫹ 1) ⫺ x(t ⫺ 1)]/2, and likewise for ẏ. This time window was identical to the one used by Roll et al. (2004) to compute the afferent inputs recorded in micr ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... brain through a guide tube whose tip was just below the surface of the dura. The signal from the microelectrode was passed through a FET buffer amplifier mounted on the microdrive, amplified by conventional band-pass filtered amplifiers, and displayed on an oscilloscope. Data were analysed using an ...
... brain through a guide tube whose tip was just below the surface of the dura. The signal from the microelectrode was passed through a FET buffer amplifier mounted on the microdrive, amplified by conventional band-pass filtered amplifiers, and displayed on an oscilloscope. Data were analysed using an ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... plasticity change can occur in the amygdala during fear memory formation. In 1996, two teams indicated that auditory fear conditioning is associated with persistent synaptic enhancement in auditory inputs to the LA: Rogan et al (1997) have shown the enhancement of evoked field potential in the LA of ...
... plasticity change can occur in the amygdala during fear memory formation. In 1996, two teams indicated that auditory fear conditioning is associated with persistent synaptic enhancement in auditory inputs to the LA: Rogan et al (1997) have shown the enhancement of evoked field potential in the LA of ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... Table 1. The same cue types were used for each animal throughout training; thus, the noise, tone, flashing light, and solid light stimuli (described above) were made to correspond to cues A, B, X, and Y, respectively. All cues were always presented for 10 s. Preconditioning. Rats were divided into ...
... Table 1. The same cue types were used for each animal throughout training; thus, the noise, tone, flashing light, and solid light stimuli (described above) were made to correspond to cues A, B, X, and Y, respectively. All cues were always presented for 10 s. Preconditioning. Rats were divided into ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... Decisions can arise in different ways, such as from a gut feeling, doing what worked last time, or planful deliberation. Different decision-making systems are dissociable behaviorally, map onto distinct brain systems, and have different computational demands. For instance, “model-free” decision stra ...
... Decisions can arise in different ways, such as from a gut feeling, doing what worked last time, or planful deliberation. Different decision-making systems are dissociable behaviorally, map onto distinct brain systems, and have different computational demands. For instance, “model-free” decision stra ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... medium-size densely spiny neuron (MSN; see Figure 3). Note that cortical terminals make synaptic contact with the dendritic shafts of MSNs to a much lesser extent and also make synaptic contact with the dendritic shafts of interneurons. The TH-immunoreactive axon makes symmetric synaptic contact (Gr ...
... medium-size densely spiny neuron (MSN; see Figure 3). Note that cortical terminals make synaptic contact with the dendritic shafts of MSNs to a much lesser extent and also make synaptic contact with the dendritic shafts of interneurons. The TH-immunoreactive axon makes symmetric synaptic contact (Gr ...
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... 1029). Presumably, cortical networks in wakefulness are predominantly asynchronous at the same time weak oscillations and selective coherence are present. At the single-neuron level, spike discharges of cortical cells are highly irregular, characterized by some measures as approximate Poisson proces ...
... 1029). Presumably, cortical networks in wakefulness are predominantly asynchronous at the same time weak oscillations and selective coherence are present. At the single-neuron level, spike discharges of cortical cells are highly irregular, characterized by some measures as approximate Poisson proces ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... regardless of whether the evidence was strong or weak, and whether it was interpreted correctly or incorrectly. These properties are evident in the PFC response. Motion strength affected the response of many PFC neurons (Fig. 5a and b). For this analysis, we selected neurons that predicted the monke ...
... regardless of whether the evidence was strong or weak, and whether it was interpreted correctly or incorrectly. These properties are evident in the PFC response. Motion strength affected the response of many PFC neurons (Fig. 5a and b). For this analysis, we selected neurons that predicted the monke ...
Synaptic Pruning in Development: A Novel Account in Neural Terms
... 1995] and the dentate gyrus [Eckenho and Rakic, 1991]. The time scale of synaptic elimination was found to vary between di erent cortical areas, coarsely following a dorsal to frontal order [Rakic et al., 1994]. Larger temporal di erences were found between species; in some species, the peak level ...
... 1995] and the dentate gyrus [Eckenho and Rakic, 1991]. The time scale of synaptic elimination was found to vary between di erent cortical areas, coarsely following a dorsal to frontal order [Rakic et al., 1994]. Larger temporal di erences were found between species; in some species, the peak level ...