Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown ...
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... pinned in a small bath of saline including the following (in mM): 115 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2.4 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, adjusted with 5 M NaOH to pH 7.4. In many paired recording experiments, 1 mM MgCl2 was replaced by 1 mM CaCl2. The dorsal fin was cut, and the tadpole was transferred to 10 M ␣ ...
... pinned in a small bath of saline including the following (in mM): 115 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2.4 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, adjusted with 5 M NaOH to pH 7.4. In many paired recording experiments, 1 mM MgCl2 was replaced by 1 mM CaCl2. The dorsal fin was cut, and the tadpole was transferred to 10 M ␣ ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... connections only to get rid of them later might seem like a wasteful and inefficient strategy. Given our brain’s complexity, however, one explanation is that exuberant connections are needed to provide robustness in light of initial errors in connectivity. This might be true for nonstereotypic pruni ...
... connections only to get rid of them later might seem like a wasteful and inefficient strategy. Given our brain’s complexity, however, one explanation is that exuberant connections are needed to provide robustness in light of initial errors in connectivity. This might be true for nonstereotypic pruni ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... precedes the time of synapse formation in the ciliary ganglion (Jacob, 199 1). In early developing chick embryos, the AON is quite accessible since the nucleus lies bilaterally near the surface along the midline region of the dorsal mesencephalon. For the surgery, a small hole was made in the blunt ...
... precedes the time of synapse formation in the ciliary ganglion (Jacob, 199 1). In early developing chick embryos, the AON is quite accessible since the nucleus lies bilaterally near the surface along the midline region of the dorsal mesencephalon. For the surgery, a small hole was made in the blunt ...
... Although it is well established that apoptotic mechanisms play a central role in neuronal death after different types of CNS damage, little is known about the activation of apoptotic pathways in glial cells which have been postulated to be important for the termination of the glial response. It is r ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA receptor antagonist, 25 mM, pH 4), gabazine (GABAA antagonist, 5 mM, pH 4), baclofen (GABAB agonist, 50 mM, pH 4), and phaclofen (GABAB antagonist, 50 mM, pH 4). All drugs were purch ...
... different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA receptor antagonist, 25 mM, pH 4), gabazine (GABAA antagonist, 5 mM, pH 4), baclofen (GABAB agonist, 50 mM, pH 4), and phaclofen (GABAB antagonist, 50 mM, pH 4). All drugs were purch ...
Kuzbanian Controls Proteolytic Processing of Notch
... proteins or the proteolytically cleaved forms are the functional receptors. Engineered forms of Notch proteins that delete the extracellular domain or both the transmembrane and the extracellular domains encode constitutively active receptors, and in some instances are found to be localized in the n ...
... proteins or the proteolytically cleaved forms are the functional receptors. Engineered forms of Notch proteins that delete the extracellular domain or both the transmembrane and the extracellular domains encode constitutively active receptors, and in some instances are found to be localized in the n ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... neuron, with the complex computations that are the hallmark of brains being performed by the network of these simple elements. In this framework, the neuron (often called a “Perceptron,” “Spin,” or “Unit”) sums up the synaptic input and, by comparing this sum against a threshold, “decides” whether t ...
... neuron, with the complex computations that are the hallmark of brains being performed by the network of these simple elements. In this framework, the neuron (often called a “Perceptron,” “Spin,” or “Unit”) sums up the synaptic input and, by comparing this sum against a threshold, “decides” whether t ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... localizations with magnetic resonance imaging. We recorded single neurons extracellularly in the FEF and showed that they projected to the SC by antidromically activating them with an electrical stimulation pulse applied to the SC intermediate layer through a chronically implanted microelectrode (Fi ...
... localizations with magnetic resonance imaging. We recorded single neurons extracellularly in the FEF and showed that they projected to the SC by antidromically activating them with an electrical stimulation pulse applied to the SC intermediate layer through a chronically implanted microelectrode (Fi ...
Fig. 1
... demonstrated that axon specification and neuronal polarization occurs during the first 24 h [7], when our study shows a significant change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an H ...
... demonstrated that axon specification and neuronal polarization occurs during the first 24 h [7], when our study shows a significant change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an H ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... visible in the adult brain as neuromeres 1–4. (B) Types of preparations used to study the neuronal bases of leech behaviors. The kinematics of all behaviors have been characterized in intact animals (top panel) by measuring the distances between markers placed on the external body wall in successive ...
... visible in the adult brain as neuromeres 1–4. (B) Types of preparations used to study the neuronal bases of leech behaviors. The kinematics of all behaviors have been characterized in intact animals (top panel) by measuring the distances between markers placed on the external body wall in successive ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... To record from unanesthetized rats, electrodes were implanted in control (n ⫽ 7), KA-treated (n ⫽ 7), and SAP-treated (n ⫽ 11) rats. Preparation for surgery was the same as for toxin injections. Holes were drilled over the posterior hypothalamus (PH), HPC, and medial perforant path (PP) for placemen ...
... To record from unanesthetized rats, electrodes were implanted in control (n ⫽ 7), KA-treated (n ⫽ 7), and SAP-treated (n ⫽ 11) rats. Preparation for surgery was the same as for toxin injections. Holes were drilled over the posterior hypothalamus (PH), HPC, and medial perforant path (PP) for placemen ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... were recorded during sequential stimulation of both receptor classes via brief CO2-saturated saline injections in vertebral (central) and carotid arteries (peripheral). Seventy neurons responded to both stimuli. More neurons were responsive only to peripheral challenges than those responsive only to ...
... were recorded during sequential stimulation of both receptor classes via brief CO2-saturated saline injections in vertebral (central) and carotid arteries (peripheral). Seventy neurons responded to both stimuli. More neurons were responsive only to peripheral challenges than those responsive only to ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... are therefore not confined by groove walls. Similarly, hippocampal neurites are able to cross single steps as high as 3.16 µm (Fig. 5) and would therefore be able to step out of grooves even deeper than those used in this study. Extrapolation of the data in Fig. 5 indicates that grooves would have t ...
... are therefore not confined by groove walls. Similarly, hippocampal neurites are able to cross single steps as high as 3.16 µm (Fig. 5) and would therefore be able to step out of grooves even deeper than those used in this study. Extrapolation of the data in Fig. 5 indicates that grooves would have t ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... ml/kg, with 3 ml/kg boosters as needed, given i.p.. The mice were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (SN-3, Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) with blunt ear bars and implanted with electrodes to record the neocortical electroencephalogram (EEG), neck electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (EKG), as descr ...
... ml/kg, with 3 ml/kg boosters as needed, given i.p.. The mice were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (SN-3, Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) with blunt ear bars and implanted with electrodes to record the neocortical electroencephalogram (EEG), neck electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (EKG), as descr ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... Moving to dopaminergic neurons, an increased rate of refilling of the readily releasable pool has been reported in mice lacking α-synuclein [52]. This result is in line with an increase in recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], althou ...
... Moving to dopaminergic neurons, an increased rate of refilling of the readily releasable pool has been reported in mice lacking α-synuclein [52]. This result is in line with an increase in recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], althou ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... 65- or 70-pm horizontal sectors and the number of cells in each of these rectangular sectors (500 x 65 or 70 pm) was counted. Multiple nonoverlapping strips were drawn from nearby areas of the same section and the cell counts from all the sectors of a given depth were added together to achieve a rea ...
... 65- or 70-pm horizontal sectors and the number of cells in each of these rectangular sectors (500 x 65 or 70 pm) was counted. Multiple nonoverlapping strips were drawn from nearby areas of the same section and the cell counts from all the sectors of a given depth were added together to achieve a rea ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... i.e., the medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSN) appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caud ...
... i.e., the medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSN) appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caud ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... are highly correlated (Laas, 1968;Kenmochi and Eggermont, 1997), but other evidence shows that this correlation can vary over time (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a) or depend on context (Eggermont and Mossop, 1998), and that the response properties of the LFP and single units may differ (Mitzdorf et al., 199 ...
... are highly correlated (Laas, 1968;Kenmochi and Eggermont, 1997), but other evidence shows that this correlation can vary over time (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a) or depend on context (Eggermont and Mossop, 1998), and that the response properties of the LFP and single units may differ (Mitzdorf et al., 199 ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.