Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
... Abstract: Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... (70–90%; (Le Gal LaSalle et al., 1978; Sun and Cassell, 1993). Moreover, a particular feature characterizing the BST is its large density of NMDA receptor (subunit: NMDAR1) immunoreactive terminals, forming symmetric synapses and displaying GABA immunoreactivity (Paquet and Smith, 2000). Thus, this ...
... (70–90%; (Le Gal LaSalle et al., 1978; Sun and Cassell, 1993). Moreover, a particular feature characterizing the BST is its large density of NMDA receptor (subunit: NMDAR1) immunoreactive terminals, forming symmetric synapses and displaying GABA immunoreactivity (Paquet and Smith, 2000). Thus, this ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... thermoregulatory mechanism has remained mysterious ever since it has been first proposed. This doctoral thesis aims to identify the key signaling molecules underlying the thermosensitivity of warm-sensitive preoptic neurons and the corresponding thermoregulatory mechanisms. In this work, temperature ...
... thermoregulatory mechanism has remained mysterious ever since it has been first proposed. This doctoral thesis aims to identify the key signaling molecules underlying the thermosensitivity of warm-sensitive preoptic neurons and the corresponding thermoregulatory mechanisms. In this work, temperature ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... GnRH neurone activity in brain slices prepared at different times of day was examined using extracellular recordings. This is a critical step because the mechanisms underlying the increase in GnRH release that leads to the surge in species in which this hormone has been directly measured (2–5) may b ...
... GnRH neurone activity in brain slices prepared at different times of day was examined using extracellular recordings. This is a critical step because the mechanisms underlying the increase in GnRH release that leads to the surge in species in which this hormone has been directly measured (2–5) may b ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... within the caudal NRA, nor did unilateral transections 4.0 mm rostral to the obex alter respiratory rhythmicity greatly (Gromysz and Karczewski, 1980; Karczewski and Gromysz, 1980). However, similar lesions in the rostral NRA, the retrofacial nucleus, and the facial nucleus did alter respiratory rhy ...
... within the caudal NRA, nor did unilateral transections 4.0 mm rostral to the obex alter respiratory rhythmicity greatly (Gromysz and Karczewski, 1980; Karczewski and Gromysz, 1980). However, similar lesions in the rostral NRA, the retrofacial nucleus, and the facial nucleus did alter respiratory rhy ...
Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton: Architecture, Development, and
... Figure 1: Architecture of the axon initial segment (AIS) and its key protein components. ((a), top) Neuron polarity. Polarized neurons receive synaptic inputs in the somatodendritic domain (green), which transmits the signals through the axon hillock to the axon initial segment (red). The AIS integr ...
... Figure 1: Architecture of the axon initial segment (AIS) and its key protein components. ((a), top) Neuron polarity. Polarized neurons receive synaptic inputs in the somatodendritic domain (green), which transmits the signals through the axon hillock to the axon initial segment (red). The AIS integr ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... auditory afferents with PADs and the postsynaptic inhibition of an identified auditory interneuron with IPSPs. This twofold inhibition reduces the auditory response to self-generated sounds and protects the cricket_s auditory pathway from desensitization during sound production, allowing it to remai ...
... auditory afferents with PADs and the postsynaptic inhibition of an identified auditory interneuron with IPSPs. This twofold inhibition reduces the auditory response to self-generated sounds and protects the cricket_s auditory pathway from desensitization during sound production, allowing it to remai ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep recovery than sleep deprivation, indicating that particular GABAergic cells are involved in ...
... neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep recovery than sleep deprivation, indicating that particular GABAergic cells are involved in ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... spatiotemporal pattern of subthreshold EPSPs Simultaneous recording of voltage-sensitive dye signals and whole-cell membrane potential Field stimulation with a large-diameter patch electrode filled with extracellular solution placed in the lower center of a layer 4 barrel (Fig. 1 A) evoked responses ...
... spatiotemporal pattern of subthreshold EPSPs Simultaneous recording of voltage-sensitive dye signals and whole-cell membrane potential Field stimulation with a large-diameter patch electrode filled with extracellular solution placed in the lower center of a layer 4 barrel (Fig. 1 A) evoked responses ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... likely that they will fire together in the future, even if only a subset of the cell assembly gets excited by an incomplete stimulus. For example, if we observe a bird singing a characteristic song, we will later be able to identify the type of bird if we only hear its song. Around 20 years after Heb ...
... likely that they will fire together in the future, even if only a subset of the cell assembly gets excited by an incomplete stimulus. For example, if we observe a bird singing a characteristic song, we will later be able to identify the type of bird if we only hear its song. Around 20 years after Heb ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... NJ) were prepared on the day of experimentation. Solutions were applied to a dissociated neuron with a superfusion system via a multibarreled pipette (as described previously; Ye, 2000). The tip of the superfusion pipette was usually placed 50 to 100 m away from the cell, a position that allowed ra ...
... NJ) were prepared on the day of experimentation. Solutions were applied to a dissociated neuron with a superfusion system via a multibarreled pipette (as described previously; Ye, 2000). The tip of the superfusion pipette was usually placed 50 to 100 m away from the cell, a position that allowed ra ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... lesions did not affect total sleep time. Thus, we only used data from rats with bilateral lesions (⬎50% neuron loss bilaterally). The number of Fos-IR neurons and Nissl-stained neurons are represented as the mean number of cells per section (on one side of the brain). T he relationship of the number ...
... lesions did not affect total sleep time. Thus, we only used data from rats with bilateral lesions (⬎50% neuron loss bilaterally). The number of Fos-IR neurons and Nissl-stained neurons are represented as the mean number of cells per section (on one side of the brain). T he relationship of the number ...
Table of Contents
... In these cases, opening chloride channels caused an efflux of this anion, creating an inward current, and depolarizing the membrane. Nevertheless, this depolarization still inhibits muscle contraction because the increase in chloride conductance creates a 'current shunt' for excitatory currents (Kuf ...
... In these cases, opening chloride channels caused an efflux of this anion, creating an inward current, and depolarizing the membrane. Nevertheless, this depolarization still inhibits muscle contraction because the increase in chloride conductance creates a 'current shunt' for excitatory currents (Kuf ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... with a drawing tube. A stereogram of labeled somata was made by hand (Glenn and Burke, '81; Sereno, '85) for one of the horizontally sectioned double injection cases. It can be viewed by ocular divergence or by using a standard stereo viewer (note: fusion attained by crossed-eye viewing will result ...
... with a drawing tube. A stereogram of labeled somata was made by hand (Glenn and Burke, '81; Sereno, '85) for one of the horizontally sectioned double injection cases. It can be viewed by ocular divergence or by using a standard stereo viewer (note: fusion attained by crossed-eye viewing will result ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum ...
... Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways are highly dynamic and modifiable on a moment to moment ...
... and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways are highly dynamic and modifiable on a moment to moment ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... organelle motility, neurons were labeled with the mitochondrial vital dye rhodamine 123 (0.2 µg/ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C, washed once with HBSS, then returned to culture medium for immediate observa tion. For fluorescent images, a 50 W mercury lamp and a 1.0 neutral density filter were used. For ph ...
... organelle motility, neurons were labeled with the mitochondrial vital dye rhodamine 123 (0.2 µg/ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C, washed once with HBSS, then returned to culture medium for immediate observa tion. For fluorescent images, a 50 W mercury lamp and a 1.0 neutral density filter were used. For ph ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... An example is seen in Figure 4C (lower right). When the stimulation electrode was withdrawn about 100 mm, these responses disappeared, while the long latency responses remained. Apart from this, there was no trace of any short latency EMG activity elicited by the MCP stimulation. The observations th ...
... An example is seen in Figure 4C (lower right). When the stimulation electrode was withdrawn about 100 mm, these responses disappeared, while the long latency responses remained. Apart from this, there was no trace of any short latency EMG activity elicited by the MCP stimulation. The observations th ...
Csercsa Richárd
... There are several theories of what could cause the change in arousal as well as in cortical excitability during sleep. There are two classical conceptions: the passive and the active hypothesis. According to the passive hypothesis, the default arousal state is sleep, and it is a result of a decrease ...
... There are several theories of what could cause the change in arousal as well as in cortical excitability during sleep. There are two classical conceptions: the passive and the active hypothesis. According to the passive hypothesis, the default arousal state is sleep, and it is a result of a decrease ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.