A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
Slide 1
... – Spinothalamic: axons of nociceptive specific and WDR neurons from laminae I and V-VII; contralateral projection, ascends in anterolateral white matter – Spinoreticular: neurons in laminae VII and VIII; anterolateral ascend – Spinomesencephalic: neurons in laminae I and V; anterolateral ascend to P ...
... – Spinothalamic: axons of nociceptive specific and WDR neurons from laminae I and V-VII; contralateral projection, ascends in anterolateral white matter – Spinoreticular: neurons in laminae VII and VIII; anterolateral ascend – Spinomesencephalic: neurons in laminae I and V; anterolateral ascend to P ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... responsiveness exist for these more recently identified neurotrophins. This is especially pertinent as these neurotrophins, in contrast to NGF, have additional roles in neuronal development before the onset of target field innervation. For example, there is some evidence that brainderived neurotroph ...
... responsiveness exist for these more recently identified neurotrophins. This is especially pertinent as these neurotrophins, in contrast to NGF, have additional roles in neuronal development before the onset of target field innervation. For example, there is some evidence that brainderived neurotroph ...
HTM Cortical Learning Algorithms
... computers, programmers create specific programs to solve specific problems. By contrast, HTMs are trained through exposure to a stream of sensory data. The HTM’s capabilities are determined largely by what it has been exposed to. ...
... computers, programmers create specific programs to solve specific problems. By contrast, HTMs are trained through exposure to a stream of sensory data. The HTM’s capabilities are determined largely by what it has been exposed to. ...
The Eye - Johns Hopkins Medicine
... retina in this photo is the macula) Fovea – the area where there is a depression formed by thinning of the inner retinal layers to allow light to directly shine on the photoreceptor layer http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/courses/vet_eyes/eye_path/epath_overview_index.html ...
... retina in this photo is the macula) Fovea – the area where there is a depression formed by thinning of the inner retinal layers to allow light to directly shine on the photoreceptor layer http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/courses/vet_eyes/eye_path/epath_overview_index.html ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
action potential
... Concept 37.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another Most synapses are chemical synapses, in which a chemical neurotransmitter carries information from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell ...
... Concept 37.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from one neuron to another Most synapses are chemical synapses, in which a chemical neurotransmitter carries information from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell ...
Dexterous Finger Movements in Primate Without Monosynaptic
... finger (D2) and of digit 5 (D5) viewed from the lateral side at the time of contact with the morsel. When the index finger was flexed during removal of the morsel, there was always parallel flexion of digit 5. This was the case throughout a postoperative observation period of 3 mo in the three monke ...
... finger (D2) and of digit 5 (D5) viewed from the lateral side at the time of contact with the morsel. When the index finger was flexed during removal of the morsel, there was always parallel flexion of digit 5. This was the case throughout a postoperative observation period of 3 mo in the three monke ...
Pattern formation in the nematode epidermis: determination of the
... the rays in the epidermis. These genes define components of an active mechanism that determines the arrangement of the rays in the fan. It is expected that morphology rests both on the generation of specialized cells at correct positions, and on the morphogenetic properties of individual cells. The ...
... the rays in the epidermis. These genes define components of an active mechanism that determines the arrangement of the rays in the fan. It is expected that morphology rests both on the generation of specialized cells at correct positions, and on the morphogenetic properties of individual cells. The ...
ALS - AJNR Blog
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
Simulating in vivo-like Synaptic Input Patterns in Multicompartmental
... than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional contacts from local circuit inhibitory interneurons and the powerfully excitatory climbing fiber (Ito 1984). Although Purkinje neurons are an extreme example of synaptic convergence, individual neurons that receive thousand ...
... than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional contacts from local circuit inhibitory interneurons and the powerfully excitatory climbing fiber (Ito 1984). Although Purkinje neurons are an extreme example of synaptic convergence, individual neurons that receive thousand ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... functions with a remarkable level of complexity (David et al. 2008). Before reviewing recent work on the neural development of cnidarian animals, we will briefly address some important anatomical and physiological features and the molecular characteristics of the cnidarian nervous system. Diffused a ...
... functions with a remarkable level of complexity (David et al. 2008). Before reviewing recent work on the neural development of cnidarian animals, we will briefly address some important anatomical and physiological features and the molecular characteristics of the cnidarian nervous system. Diffused a ...
Basilar artery aneurysm with autonomic features: an interesting
... those below the tentorium cerebelli are innervated mainly by branches of the C2 dorsal root.7 Trigeminal nerve aVerents relay via the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the caudal medulla and in neurons of the dorsal horns at C1 and C2,8 the trigeminocervical complex. EVerents from the trigeminocervical ...
... those below the tentorium cerebelli are innervated mainly by branches of the C2 dorsal root.7 Trigeminal nerve aVerents relay via the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the caudal medulla and in neurons of the dorsal horns at C1 and C2,8 the trigeminocervical complex. EVerents from the trigeminocervical ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF is well poised for controlling saccadic behavior due to its variety of neuronal signals as revealed by recording, its tight linkage to other saccadic centers as ...
... experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF is well poised for controlling saccadic behavior due to its variety of neuronal signals as revealed by recording, its tight linkage to other saccadic centers as ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations ofα
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... 1. Dopamine pathway: from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen. 2. Gama amino butyric acid pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. 3. Acetylcholine pathway from cortex to the caudate nucleus to putamen. 4. Glutamate that provide the excitatory sig ...
... 1. Dopamine pathway: from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen. 2. Gama amino butyric acid pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. 3. Acetylcholine pathway from cortex to the caudate nucleus to putamen. 4. Glutamate that provide the excitatory sig ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... 6) Chapters 3 and 6 include text and figures from first author published work (Vigneswaran et al., 2013, Vigneswaran et al., 2011). ...
... 6) Chapters 3 and 6 include text and figures from first author published work (Vigneswaran et al., 2013, Vigneswaran et al., 2011). ...
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... The spinal cord is divided into 31 segments, based on the vertebrae where each spinal nerve originates (although the relationship between the spinal segment and the vertebrae it’s named for changes with age). A cervical nerve is named for the vertebra inferior to it. All other nerves are named for t ...
... The spinal cord is divided into 31 segments, based on the vertebrae where each spinal nerve originates (although the relationship between the spinal segment and the vertebrae it’s named for changes with age). A cervical nerve is named for the vertebra inferior to it. All other nerves are named for t ...
Document
... insult (CVI), or brain attack, is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include ...
... insult (CVI), or brain attack, is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include ...
Code-specific policy gradient rules for spiking neurons
... This learning rule has structural similarities with the Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) rule [2]: The integral term has the structure of an eligibility trace that is driven by a simple Hebbian learning rule. In addition, learning is modulated by a factor that compares the current spike count (“rate”) ...
... This learning rule has structural similarities with the Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) rule [2]: The integral term has the structure of an eligibility trace that is driven by a simple Hebbian learning rule. In addition, learning is modulated by a factor that compares the current spike count (“rate”) ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... been proposed for a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Yang et al., 1999). The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system arises from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which send axonal projections to a number of f ...
... been proposed for a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Yang et al., 1999). The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system arises from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which send axonal projections to a number of f ...
Combinatorial Complexity of 5 Alternative
... (GR) mutants (GRNesCre), control littermates (GRLoxP/LoxP) (9), and FVB/N male mice were kept under a 12-h dark/12-h light diurnal schedule with food and water ad libitum. Stress experiments included a 30-min immobilization in 50-ml conical tubes. Mice were sacrificed by decapitation 2 h after immob ...
... (GR) mutants (GRNesCre), control littermates (GRLoxP/LoxP) (9), and FVB/N male mice were kept under a 12-h dark/12-h light diurnal schedule with food and water ad libitum. Stress experiments included a 30-min immobilization in 50-ml conical tubes. Mice were sacrificed by decapitation 2 h after immob ...
Cane toad
... the tadpole stage, and are lowest during metamorphosis. Toxin levels increase rapidly thereafter, meaning predators of developed toads can be at increased risk of poisoning2. ...
... the tadpole stage, and are lowest during metamorphosis. Toxin levels increase rapidly thereafter, meaning predators of developed toads can be at increased risk of poisoning2. ...
Axon Terminal Polarization Induced by Weak Uniform
... may also be relevant in the spread of subthreshold potentials [4]. In the present analysis we chose all pyramidal neurons because they are, with a few exceptions, the only projection neuron of the cerebral cortex [12], but the analysis is valid also for other classes of neurons. The model limitation ...
... may also be relevant in the spread of subthreshold potentials [4]. In the present analysis we chose all pyramidal neurons because they are, with a few exceptions, the only projection neuron of the cerebral cortex [12], but the analysis is valid also for other classes of neurons. The model limitation ...
PDF
... locations on the current hand position, we first found the angular position of the hand relative to the center of the workspace (Fig. 1e). We analyzed the distribution of Φ’s: the angu ...
... locations on the current hand position, we first found the angular position of the hand relative to the center of the workspace (Fig. 1e). We analyzed the distribution of Φ’s: the angu ...