The parasympathetic system
... muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In addition to these two plexuses that have ganglia, three others'mucosal, deep muscular, and tertiary plexus' ...
... muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In addition to these two plexuses that have ganglia, three others'mucosal, deep muscular, and tertiary plexus' ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... appear to have twice as many retrogradely labeled neurons than when represented in a single section. To prevent this distortion, the same number of sections (19) at approximately the same rostrocaudal level of the hypothalamus were included in the final analysis for the HRP experiments (mean number ...
... appear to have twice as many retrogradely labeled neurons than when represented in a single section. To prevent this distortion, the same number of sections (19) at approximately the same rostrocaudal level of the hypothalamus were included in the final analysis for the HRP experiments (mean number ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta with an ice-cold, oxygenated (low Na/high sucrose) perfusion solution (in mM: 1.9 KCl, 1.2 Na2HPO4, 6 MgCl2, 33 NaHCO3, 20 glucose, and 229 sucrose saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2) (Aghajanian and Rasmussen, 1989). After decapitation, t ...
... hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta with an ice-cold, oxygenated (low Na/high sucrose) perfusion solution (in mM: 1.9 KCl, 1.2 Na2HPO4, 6 MgCl2, 33 NaHCO3, 20 glucose, and 229 sucrose saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2) (Aghajanian and Rasmussen, 1989). After decapitation, t ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... back and gives rise to nerves of the limbs. i. The anterior rami vary from one region to another; in the thoracic region it forms an intercostal nerve, and in all other regions form the nerve plexuses. ii. The anterior ramus also gives off a pair of communicating rami that connect with a string of s ...
... back and gives rise to nerves of the limbs. i. The anterior rami vary from one region to another; in the thoracic region it forms an intercostal nerve, and in all other regions form the nerve plexuses. ii. The anterior ramus also gives off a pair of communicating rami that connect with a string of s ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain. A majority of the nucleus' neurons utilize its major neurotransmitter, serotonin, but several other transmitters are also present. It comes as no surprise that the first detailed outline of what was later to be called DRN was presented by Santiago Ramón y ...
... periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain. A majority of the nucleus' neurons utilize its major neurotransmitter, serotonin, but several other transmitters are also present. It comes as no surprise that the first detailed outline of what was later to be called DRN was presented by Santiago Ramón y ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... approximately by 50% and in the cerebral cortex by 39% in comparison with the sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups ...
... approximately by 50% and in the cerebral cortex by 39% in comparison with the sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups ...
State-Dependent Computation Using Coupled Recurrent Networks
... 2.3 Combining Two Recurrent Maps. A single recurrent map consists of multiple inhibitory and excitatory feedback loops, and it can thus, in principle, give rise to oscillatory or chaotic activity (Strogatz, 1994; Wolfram, 1984). Here, we focus on a range of parameters that result in a steady state w ...
... 2.3 Combining Two Recurrent Maps. A single recurrent map consists of multiple inhibitory and excitatory feedback loops, and it can thus, in principle, give rise to oscillatory or chaotic activity (Strogatz, 1994; Wolfram, 1984). Here, we focus on a range of parameters that result in a steady state w ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... ABSTRACT: Hippocampal theta rhythm (HPC) may be important for various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, w ...
... ABSTRACT: Hippocampal theta rhythm (HPC) may be important for various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, w ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... cortex, which appears to be a crucial mechanism of drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, w ...
... cortex, which appears to be a crucial mechanism of drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, w ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... arrangement of primary gustatory nerve terminations in the NST. For example, based on the response properties of the gustatory nerves and their corresponding central terminations (Table 1), sucrose stimulation should have resulted in increased FLI at more rostral levels of the NST compared with quin ...
... arrangement of primary gustatory nerve terminations in the NST. For example, based on the response properties of the gustatory nerves and their corresponding central terminations (Table 1), sucrose stimulation should have resulted in increased FLI at more rostral levels of the NST compared with quin ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sought where the normal pattern of sensory projection is altered. In our routine studies of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, we discovered first instar animals that bore ...
... postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sought where the normal pattern of sensory projection is altered. In our routine studies of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, we discovered first instar animals that bore ...
Mechanisms for Stable, Robust, and Adaptive Development of
... index” (Schummers et al., 2004), which both convey the local homogeneity in orientation preference at a particular cortical location. Biological maps typically have non-uniform orientation histograms (Coppola et al., 1998; Müller et al., 2000; Tanaka et al., 2009), which have been used to character ...
... index” (Schummers et al., 2004), which both convey the local homogeneity in orientation preference at a particular cortical location. Biological maps typically have non-uniform orientation histograms (Coppola et al., 1998; Müller et al., 2000; Tanaka et al., 2009), which have been used to character ...
Neuronal Control of Mucus Secretion by Leeches: Toward a General
... activity controls the secretion of mucus from the skin of leeches. Serotonin elicits the secretion of mucus without any apparent synaptic transfers in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Such a secretogogue function may be more general as serotonin controls the secretion of mucus from ...
... activity controls the secretion of mucus from the skin of leeches. Serotonin elicits the secretion of mucus without any apparent synaptic transfers in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Such a secretogogue function may be more general as serotonin controls the secretion of mucus from ...
Prefibrillar Amyloid Aggregates Could Be Generic Toxins in Higher
... reported previously (Bucciantini et al., 2002). Briefly, proteins were incubated for 48 h at 25°C and 0.3 mg/ml protein concentration (HypF-N) or 1 h at 30°C and 10.0 mg/ml (PI3SH3) at pH 5.5, in the presence of 30% (v/v) (HypF-N) or 25% (PI3SH3) trifluoroethanol. Under these conditions, only 4- to ...
... reported previously (Bucciantini et al., 2002). Briefly, proteins were incubated for 48 h at 25°C and 0.3 mg/ml protein concentration (HypF-N) or 1 h at 30°C and 10.0 mg/ml (PI3SH3) at pH 5.5, in the presence of 30% (v/v) (HypF-N) or 25% (PI3SH3) trifluoroethanol. Under these conditions, only 4- to ...
Inflammation-Induced Gene Expression in Brain and Adrenal Gland Linda Engström
... projections of the immune-induced ppENK transcribing PVH neurons by injecting rats intraperitoneally with the retrograde tracer substance Fluoro-Gold, hence labeling neurons with axonal projections outside the blood-brain barrier, followed by systemic injection of LPS (paper III). Dual-labeling hist ...
... projections of the immune-induced ppENK transcribing PVH neurons by injecting rats intraperitoneally with the retrograde tracer substance Fluoro-Gold, hence labeling neurons with axonal projections outside the blood-brain barrier, followed by systemic injection of LPS (paper III). Dual-labeling hist ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
슬라이드 1 - Brain Facts
... Pain input to the spinal cord: -Projecting neurons in lamina I receive A-delta and C fibers info. -Neurons in lamina II receive input from C fibers and relay it to other laminae. -Projecting neurons in lamina V (wide-dynamic range neurons) receive A-delta, C and A-beta (low threshold mechanoceptors ...
... Pain input to the spinal cord: -Projecting neurons in lamina I receive A-delta and C fibers info. -Neurons in lamina II receive input from C fibers and relay it to other laminae. -Projecting neurons in lamina V (wide-dynamic range neurons) receive A-delta, C and A-beta (low threshold mechanoceptors ...
M555 Medical Neuroscience Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral
... form the posterior spinocerebellar tract an important source of input to the cerebellum ...
... form the posterior spinocerebellar tract an important source of input to the cerebellum ...
J.H. Meijer, S. Michel, M.J. Vansteensel
... activity recordings in freely moving animals under the same conditions further showed a repressive influence of extraSCN brain areas on resetting processes within the SCN. In rats, bimodal neuronal activity patterns were recorded after 6-h delays of the photoperiod in both ventral and dorsal parts of ...
... activity recordings in freely moving animals under the same conditions further showed a repressive influence of extraSCN brain areas on resetting processes within the SCN. In rats, bimodal neuronal activity patterns were recorded after 6-h delays of the photoperiod in both ventral and dorsal parts of ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... The exponential fits in Figures 2C and 2D (red traces) begin after the first component—i.e., at a fixed time after the luminance step onset. The responses are plotted on equal time axes but the second component of the responses appears different, suggesting that the timescale of adaptation is differ ...
... The exponential fits in Figures 2C and 2D (red traces) begin after the first component—i.e., at a fixed time after the luminance step onset. The responses are plotted on equal time axes but the second component of the responses appears different, suggesting that the timescale of adaptation is differ ...
Effect of Spatial Attention on the Responses of Area MT Neurons
... a weak response when the attended target moved in the null direction even though the visual stimulus display was identical in both cases. These findings were quite novel because earlier studies in several laboratories, including ours, using a variety of behavioral paradigms, failed to find substanti ...
... a weak response when the attended target moved in the null direction even though the visual stimulus display was identical in both cases. These findings were quite novel because earlier studies in several laboratories, including ours, using a variety of behavioral paradigms, failed to find substanti ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... innervates the dentate gyrus granule cells. We initially examined the long-term plasticity at the stellate neuron synapses. We recorded from the stellate neurons in layer II of the EC and stimulated the inputs from the deep layers by placing a stimulation electrode in layer IV (Fig. 1A). After recor ...
... innervates the dentate gyrus granule cells. We initially examined the long-term plasticity at the stellate neuron synapses. We recorded from the stellate neurons in layer II of the EC and stimulated the inputs from the deep layers by placing a stimulation electrode in layer IV (Fig. 1A). After recor ...
wood ant (formica lugubris zett.)
... Reconstructions based on serial electron micrographs of the mushroom body of the wood ant reveal that the glial cell processes separating neuron cell bodies form a complex network of extremely thin lamellae. The glial sheaths contain round gaps or windows of varying size through which neurons make d ...
... Reconstructions based on serial electron micrographs of the mushroom body of the wood ant reveal that the glial cell processes separating neuron cell bodies form a complex network of extremely thin lamellae. The glial sheaths contain round gaps or windows of varying size through which neurons make d ...
Chapter_013
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the ...
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the ...
Chapter_013
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the subarachnoid space ...
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the subarachnoid space ...