The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
... integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identifying the neural circuits and cellular foundations responsible for activating behavior, we have been only marginally e ...
... integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identifying the neural circuits and cellular foundations responsible for activating behavior, we have been only marginally e ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
Power point - Somatic and Special Senses
... For viewing close objects, the lens increases its curvature (accommodation), and the pupil constricts to prevent light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens. ...
... For viewing close objects, the lens increases its curvature (accommodation), and the pupil constricts to prevent light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens. ...
Time representation in reinforcement learning models of
... The CSC is effective at capturing several salient aspects of the dopamine response to cued reward. A number of authors (e.g., Daw et al., 2006; Ludvig et al., 2008), however, have pointed out aspects of the dopamine response that appear inconsistent with the CSC. For example, the CSC predicts a larg ...
... The CSC is effective at capturing several salient aspects of the dopamine response to cued reward. A number of authors (e.g., Daw et al., 2006; Ludvig et al., 2008), however, have pointed out aspects of the dopamine response that appear inconsistent with the CSC. For example, the CSC predicts a larg ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... risk-taking behavior with gains and losses, respectively, were used to evaluate the neural systems response to the experienced outcome: (1) selecting a risky response (40 or 80), which resulted in reward; and (2) selecting a risky response, which resulted in punishment (−40 or −80). These regressors ...
... risk-taking behavior with gains and losses, respectively, were used to evaluate the neural systems response to the experienced outcome: (1) selecting a risky response (40 or 80), which resulted in reward; and (2) selecting a risky response, which resulted in punishment (−40 or −80). These regressors ...
29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems The
... 2. cerebellum located in back of skull, balances the actions of muscles so body can move smoothly 3. brain stem Brain stem controls basic life functions (breathing, heart beat) ...
... 2. cerebellum located in back of skull, balances the actions of muscles so body can move smoothly 3. brain stem Brain stem controls basic life functions (breathing, heart beat) ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... reich et al. 1999; Laaris and Keller 2002; Petersen and Sakmann 2001). L4 cells also target pyramidal cells in L2/3 (Armstrong-James et al. 1992; Feldmeyer et al. 2002) whose axons arborize in L2/3 and in L5 (Gottlieb and Keller 1997). Signal processing in L2/3 is no longer confined to a barrel colu ...
... reich et al. 1999; Laaris and Keller 2002; Petersen and Sakmann 2001). L4 cells also target pyramidal cells in L2/3 (Armstrong-James et al. 1992; Feldmeyer et al. 2002) whose axons arborize in L2/3 and in L5 (Gottlieb and Keller 1997). Signal processing in L2/3 is no longer confined to a barrel colu ...
Morphology, Deep cerebellar nuclei, C. gambianus
... deal with [16]. It means that IN receives a large amount of sensory information from the limbs and, in turn, elaborates signals for movement control [16, 29]. The paravermal cortex and the functionally associated IN are considered important structures for limb movement [6]. General, the relatively l ...
... deal with [16]. It means that IN receives a large amount of sensory information from the limbs and, in turn, elaborates signals for movement control [16, 29]. The paravermal cortex and the functionally associated IN are considered important structures for limb movement [6]. General, the relatively l ...
Neuron
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
Forced moves or good tricks in design space? Landmarks in the
... structures that are specialized to resolve conflicts and that seem to have this as their primary function. The absence of such structures would favor the view that action selection is most often the emergent consequence of the interaction of sub-system elements concerned with wider or different aspe ...
... structures that are specialized to resolve conflicts and that seem to have this as their primary function. The absence of such structures would favor the view that action selection is most often the emergent consequence of the interaction of sub-system elements concerned with wider or different aspe ...
Neuroanatomy
... There are many causes of tremor : A- parkinsonism B- thyrotoxicosis C- cerebellar lesion * How can we differentiate between them ? A-In parkinsonism : if the patient is calm , there will be tremor but when he/she wants to perform an action , the tremor will go away , also in sleep there is no tremo ...
... There are many causes of tremor : A- parkinsonism B- thyrotoxicosis C- cerebellar lesion * How can we differentiate between them ? A-In parkinsonism : if the patient is calm , there will be tremor but when he/she wants to perform an action , the tremor will go away , also in sleep there is no tremo ...
- White Rose Research Online
... structures that are specialized to resolve conflicts and that seem to have this as their primary function. The absence of such structures would favor the view that action selection is most often the emergent consequence of the interaction of sub-system elements concerned with wider or different aspe ...
... structures that are specialized to resolve conflicts and that seem to have this as their primary function. The absence of such structures would favor the view that action selection is most often the emergent consequence of the interaction of sub-system elements concerned with wider or different aspe ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexes and explain how they work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
... • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexes and explain how they work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... segmental oscillator. To allow for a direct comparison between the behavior of the model and the biological system, we modeled the network in a realistic manner, in which individual identified neurons were represented as single isopotential electrical compartments with Hodgkin and Huxley type membra ...
... segmental oscillator. To allow for a direct comparison between the behavior of the model and the biological system, we modeled the network in a realistic manner, in which individual identified neurons were represented as single isopotential electrical compartments with Hodgkin and Huxley type membra ...
Basis Functions for Object
... This example shows that four critical pieces of knowledge are required to solve the task in general: (1) the instruction (e.g., go to the right side of the object), (2) the orientation of the object (e.g., 90⬚ counterclockwise), (3) the relative retinotopic coordinates of the subparts of the object ...
... This example shows that four critical pieces of knowledge are required to solve the task in general: (1) the instruction (e.g., go to the right side of the object), (2) the orientation of the object (e.g., 90⬚ counterclockwise), (3) the relative retinotopic coordinates of the subparts of the object ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... level of the striatum effectively represents the relative “salience” or urgency of the action currently represented at that striatal location (Redgrave et al., 1999). In the oculomotor loop, for example, the activity in striatum at a particular retinotopic coordinate directly encodes the relative pr ...
... level of the striatum effectively represents the relative “salience” or urgency of the action currently represented at that striatal location (Redgrave et al., 1999). In the oculomotor loop, for example, the activity in striatum at a particular retinotopic coordinate directly encodes the relative pr ...
Listening to Narrative Speech after Aphasic
... (MEG) study on normal subjects, which combined excellent temporal resolution with good spatial resolution (Marinkovic et al., 2003). An explicit task based on knowledge about object size in response to hearing or reading object nouns resulted in activity spreading forwards from early auditory cortex ...
... (MEG) study on normal subjects, which combined excellent temporal resolution with good spatial resolution (Marinkovic et al., 2003). An explicit task based on knowledge about object size in response to hearing or reading object nouns resulted in activity spreading forwards from early auditory cortex ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... contribute to local EEG considerably and others insignificantly. What is the contribution of volume conduction effect in this context? Firstly, volume conduction effect is distance dependent: the larger the distance of the recording electrode from the current source, the less informative the measure ...
... contribute to local EEG considerably and others insignificantly. What is the contribution of volume conduction effect in this context? Firstly, volume conduction effect is distance dependent: the larger the distance of the recording electrode from the current source, the less informative the measure ...
Significance of Neural Crest in Tooth Development
... the neural plate and possibly by nearby mesoderm as well. As the neural tube forms, a group of cells separate from the neuroectoderm. These cells have the capacity to migrate and differentiate extensively within the developing embryo and they are the basis of structures such as spinal sensory gangli ...
... the neural plate and possibly by nearby mesoderm as well. As the neural tube forms, a group of cells separate from the neuroectoderm. These cells have the capacity to migrate and differentiate extensively within the developing embryo and they are the basis of structures such as spinal sensory gangli ...
Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours
... (CPGs) that control them uncover principles about the evolution of behaviour and neural circuits. Over the course of evolutionary history, gradual evolution of behaviours and their neural circuitry within any lineage of animals has been a predominant occurrence. Small changes in gene regulation can ...
... (CPGs) that control them uncover principles about the evolution of behaviour and neural circuits. Over the course of evolutionary history, gradual evolution of behaviours and their neural circuitry within any lineage of animals has been a predominant occurrence. Small changes in gene regulation can ...
Dissociated functional significance of decision
... positive numbers indicate an increase in metric following inactivation. Dark bars indicate sessions that took place on the same days as the main direction discrimination experiment (main experiment inactivations, n = 21; 12 in monkey N; 9 in monkey P); dark triangle indicates the median difference. ...
... positive numbers indicate an increase in metric following inactivation. Dark bars indicate sessions that took place on the same days as the main direction discrimination experiment (main experiment inactivations, n = 21; 12 in monkey N; 9 in monkey P); dark triangle indicates the median difference. ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... in which the pin number is written is taken under consideration for determining the number of neurons in the input layer. If the box size is 10x15 then 150 neurons must be taken as a input layer, so that every pixel contribute its value to the input layer individually. When the output layer is consi ...
... in which the pin number is written is taken under consideration for determining the number of neurons in the input layer. If the box size is 10x15 then 150 neurons must be taken as a input layer, so that every pixel contribute its value to the input layer individually. When the output layer is consi ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... cerebral cortex (Brodmann 1908, 1909; Sarkissov et al. 1955), two areas are shown on the mid-lateral prefrontal cortex: area 9 and area 46 (figure 2a,b). Area 46 is shown on the middle frontal gyrus, whereas area 9 is shown both on the superior frontal gyrus and on the middle frontal gyrus. In all t ...
... cerebral cortex (Brodmann 1908, 1909; Sarkissov et al. 1955), two areas are shown on the mid-lateral prefrontal cortex: area 9 and area 46 (figure 2a,b). Area 46 is shown on the middle frontal gyrus, whereas area 9 is shown both on the superior frontal gyrus and on the middle frontal gyrus. In all t ...
Transcripts/2_25 2
... c. In addition this pulse of activity goes directly to the motor neurons. It also goes to regions of the brain, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi where the burst is turned into an increase of tonic firing rate. The burst gets integrated in a neural fashion. The bigger the burst, the higher the firin ...
... c. In addition this pulse of activity goes directly to the motor neurons. It also goes to regions of the brain, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi where the burst is turned into an increase of tonic firing rate. The burst gets integrated in a neural fashion. The bigger the burst, the higher the firin ...