Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum ...
... Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum ...
Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
BioCapture™ : Acquiring EEG data Quick Notes
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
... In this dissertation we address the issue of understanding the phenomenon of human emotions. To do so we pose the question of how we can construct biologically plausible embodied models of emotions. The motivation to ask this question is based on our strong belief that we can understand the nature o ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... social behaviours. The MeA, VMH, BNST and mPOA each contains a complex mixture of molecularly discrete populations of neurons intermingled with each other [10,36–37,40, 105–106]. Therefore, the neural pathways underlying sex-typical social behaviours are embedded within an assortment of neural circu ...
... social behaviours. The MeA, VMH, BNST and mPOA each contains a complex mixture of molecularly discrete populations of neurons intermingled with each other [10,36–37,40, 105–106]. Therefore, the neural pathways underlying sex-typical social behaviours are embedded within an assortment of neural circu ...
The Value of the Examination of Visuooculomotor Reflexes in
... by voluntary reflexes dependent on alertness and motivation [1,16]. The pontine part of the reticular formation is responsible for the fast phase of spontaneous and optokinetic nystagmus, and it is also important in saccadic movements [14,17]. In humans, the neocerebellum is the first modulator of v ...
... by voluntary reflexes dependent on alertness and motivation [1,16]. The pontine part of the reticular formation is responsible for the fast phase of spontaneous and optokinetic nystagmus, and it is also important in saccadic movements [14,17]. In humans, the neocerebellum is the first modulator of v ...
Synaptogenesis in the human cortex occurs between - UvA-DARE
... reveals a paradox; as experiences cause more pruning and at the same time a better network how it is possible then, that EE results in more synapses, which also has a positive effect on the organism‟s behavior? At this moment it is not yet clear whether pruning actually occurs in CA1. The variety o ...
... reveals a paradox; as experiences cause more pruning and at the same time a better network how it is possible then, that EE results in more synapses, which also has a positive effect on the organism‟s behavior? At this moment it is not yet clear whether pruning actually occurs in CA1. The variety o ...
Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control
... was one of the first Western philosophers to describe a detailed somatosensory pathway in humans. Descartes’ manuscript, Treatise of Man (originally written in French), was illustrated, edited, and published posthumously, first in Latin in 1662 (Descartes 1662) and then in French in 1664 (Descartes ...
... was one of the first Western philosophers to describe a detailed somatosensory pathway in humans. Descartes’ manuscript, Treatise of Man (originally written in French), was illustrated, edited, and published posthumously, first in Latin in 1662 (Descartes 1662) and then in French in 1664 (Descartes ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... visual system may reveal the basic principles of CT organization. For example, the feline medial geniculate body has three divisions and !12 nuclei (Winer, 1992), some without a precise analogue in the visual thalamus (Stone, 1983). Therefore, it is pertinent to ask how many patterns of CT input exi ...
... visual system may reveal the basic principles of CT organization. For example, the feline medial geniculate body has three divisions and !12 nuclei (Winer, 1992), some without a precise analogue in the visual thalamus (Stone, 1983). Therefore, it is pertinent to ask how many patterns of CT input exi ...
LEAP - Life Enrichment Center
... would also result from some other underlying brain damage or abnormality.3 Work in the early part of the twentieth century, particularly by Samuel T. Orton in the 1920s and 1930s suggested that learning difficulties such as dyslexia were not based on anatomical absence or abnormality, but rather it ...
... would also result from some other underlying brain damage or abnormality.3 Work in the early part of the twentieth century, particularly by Samuel T. Orton in the 1920s and 1930s suggested that learning difficulties such as dyslexia were not based on anatomical absence or abnormality, but rather it ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... term. For example, a decrease in arterial pressure is sensed by baroreceptors located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch (Fig. 3A). The baroreceptors are stretch receptors located on the terminal arborizations of afferent fibers, so a decrease in arterial pressure results in a decreas ...
... term. For example, a decrease in arterial pressure is sensed by baroreceptors located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch (Fig. 3A). The baroreceptors are stretch receptors located on the terminal arborizations of afferent fibers, so a decrease in arterial pressure results in a decreas ...
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
BMP inhibitors and neural patterning
... responses to Shh, and thus might contribute to the patterning of cell types in the ventral neural tube. Using an in vitro assay of neural cell differentiation we show that BMP signaling markedly alters neural cell responses to Shh signals, eliciting a ventral-to-dorsal switch in progenitor cell iden ...
... responses to Shh, and thus might contribute to the patterning of cell types in the ventral neural tube. Using an in vitro assay of neural cell differentiation we show that BMP signaling markedly alters neural cell responses to Shh signals, eliciting a ventral-to-dorsal switch in progenitor cell iden ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... accumulating evidence supporting these alternatives (Schall, 2001; Shadlen & Newsome, 2001). Hence, the models of decision making based on neurophysiological data (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001; Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical ...
... accumulating evidence supporting these alternatives (Schall, 2001; Shadlen & Newsome, 2001). Hence, the models of decision making based on neurophysiological data (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001; Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical ...
An Introduction To Human Neuroanatomy
... Microglia are the brain’s surveillance cells. They are part of the immune system and they monitor brain tissue for signs of disease or tissue damage. When they detect a pathological change, they multiply, migrate to the diseased or damaged site, and engulf and digest the pathogens and/or cellular de ...
... Microglia are the brain’s surveillance cells. They are part of the immune system and they monitor brain tissue for signs of disease or tissue damage. When they detect a pathological change, they multiply, migrate to the diseased or damaged site, and engulf and digest the pathogens and/or cellular de ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
... (manufacturer provided). Flow cytometric analysis of NIH/3T3 cells using this antibody has shown a specific binding profile when compared to a nonspecific negative control (manufacturer provided). The mouse monoclonal Olig2 antibody (Millipore, Billerica, MA; #MABN50) allowed visualization of a dist ...
... (manufacturer provided). Flow cytometric analysis of NIH/3T3 cells using this antibody has shown a specific binding profile when compared to a nonspecific negative control (manufacturer provided). The mouse monoclonal Olig2 antibody (Millipore, Billerica, MA; #MABN50) allowed visualization of a dist ...
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of
... To date, it remains unclear which neural mechanisms are associated with the ability to differentiate between mental processes ‘‘belonging’’ to either oneself or to another person. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we therefore systematically varied 3PP and 1PP in a s ...
... To date, it remains unclear which neural mechanisms are associated with the ability to differentiate between mental processes ‘‘belonging’’ to either oneself or to another person. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we therefore systematically varied 3PP and 1PP in a s ...
안구의 내하방 편위 - Research in Vestibular Science
... (‘peering at the tip of the nose') is considered a unique feature of thalamic hemorrhage, although little is known about the underlying mechanism.1 We observed this ocular finding in diffuse ischemic infarcts in the territory of the posterior circulation, as well as in lateral pontine tegmental and ...
... (‘peering at the tip of the nose') is considered a unique feature of thalamic hemorrhage, although little is known about the underlying mechanism.1 We observed this ocular finding in diffuse ischemic infarcts in the territory of the posterior circulation, as well as in lateral pontine tegmental and ...
Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster
... from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory transduction pathways, several ion channels, specific markers of the major cell ...
... from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory transduction pathways, several ion channels, specific markers of the major cell ...
View the Program Guide - International Society for Stem Cell Research
... is strictly prohibited. Intent to communicate or disseminate results or discussion presented at the meeting is prohibited until the start of each individual presentation. ...
... is strictly prohibited. Intent to communicate or disseminate results or discussion presented at the meeting is prohibited until the start of each individual presentation. ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their own motoneurones (Frank and Westerfield, 1983). In the developing chick embryo ...
... establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their own motoneurones (Frank and Westerfield, 1983). In the developing chick embryo ...
Zinc Neurotoxicity and its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
... AβP has an intrinsic tendency to form insoluble aggregates with β-pleated sheet structures. Interestingly, the aggregation and the subsequent conformational change of AβP strongly correlate with its neurotoxicity. Therefore, factors which promote the aggregation of AβP may be involved in the pathoge ...
... AβP has an intrinsic tendency to form insoluble aggregates with β-pleated sheet structures. Interestingly, the aggregation and the subsequent conformational change of AβP strongly correlate with its neurotoxicity. Therefore, factors which promote the aggregation of AβP may be involved in the pathoge ...