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Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
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... extending it further is not possible. Considerations like these make some movements more likely than others, resulting in probability distributions over possible movements (Fig. 1a). To understand everyday ...
... extending it further is not possible. Considerations like these make some movements more likely than others, resulting in probability distributions over possible movements (Fig. 1a). To understand everyday ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
... In addition to role-playing and being able to collect data to interpret, this virtual lab, allows students to see how the research process works, on a bigger, grander scale. Students learn that there is a cellular phenomenon that scientists do not understand. Data show that Parkinson’s patients have ...
... In addition to role-playing and being able to collect data to interpret, this virtual lab, allows students to see how the research process works, on a bigger, grander scale. Students learn that there is a cellular phenomenon that scientists do not understand. Data show that Parkinson’s patients have ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... we applied a puff of ammonia to the snout, which inactivates the central inspiratory drive19 (Supplementary Fig. 1) and temporarily inhibits respiration. Critically, rats can whisk during such a disruption in breathing (Fig. 1b), which implies that the oscillator (or oscillators) for breathing and w ...
... we applied a puff of ammonia to the snout, which inactivates the central inspiratory drive19 (Supplementary Fig. 1) and temporarily inhibits respiration. Critically, rats can whisk during such a disruption in breathing (Fig. 1b), which implies that the oscillator (or oscillators) for breathing and w ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... the choice was driven by AO or SO associations. Often animals are presented with pairs of reward-predictive stimuli and must pick the stimulus associated with their preferred reward. The assumption is that they access SO associations to recall the reward associated with the stimulus, and then use th ...
... the choice was driven by AO or SO associations. Often animals are presented with pairs of reward-predictive stimuli and must pick the stimulus associated with their preferred reward. The assumption is that they access SO associations to recall the reward associated with the stimulus, and then use th ...
Effects of chronic nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase
... Key words: addiction; drugs of abuse; NADPH-diaphorase; neurotransmitter modulation; sex differences ...
... Key words: addiction; drugs of abuse; NADPH-diaphorase; neurotransmitter modulation; sex differences ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... In vivo physiological studies revealed that either inhibition of local neurons or blockade of their glutamate receptors in the LPBel completely suppresses skin cooling-evoked colddefense responses, including BAT and shivering thermogenesis and increases in metabolism and heart rate (Figure 6) (27). ...
... In vivo physiological studies revealed that either inhibition of local neurons or blockade of their glutamate receptors in the LPBel completely suppresses skin cooling-evoked colddefense responses, including BAT and shivering thermogenesis and increases in metabolism and heart rate (Figure 6) (27). ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... in random order (see below). Error trials were repeated after a random number of other trials. Stimuli. A total of 12 objects were used for each neuron— 6 of them were common to all neurons (Fig. 1), and the remaining 6 were chosen for each neuron out of a library of 18 objects to evoke a broad rang ...
... in random order (see below). Error trials were repeated after a random number of other trials. Stimuli. A total of 12 objects were used for each neuron— 6 of them were common to all neurons (Fig. 1), and the remaining 6 were chosen for each neuron out of a library of 18 objects to evoke a broad rang ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... level of their terminals in vitro with direct patch-clamp recordings of MF rosettes. Nucleocortical MFs labeled with eYFP could be readily visualized following injections of AAV-hSynChR2-eYFP in the IpN (Figures 1E, 1F, and 4A). The rosettes showed the electrophysiological characteristics stereotypi ...
... level of their terminals in vitro with direct patch-clamp recordings of MF rosettes. Nucleocortical MFs labeled with eYFP could be readily visualized following injections of AAV-hSynChR2-eYFP in the IpN (Figures 1E, 1F, and 4A). The rosettes showed the electrophysiological characteristics stereotypi ...
2. Physiology_Respiratory_System
... ♦ The lungs slide easily on the chest wall but resist being pulled away from it in the same way that two moist pieces of glass slide on each other but resist separation. ♦ The pressure in the intrapleural space is subatmospheric ♦ The lungs are stretched when they expand at birth, and at the end of ...
... ♦ The lungs slide easily on the chest wall but resist being pulled away from it in the same way that two moist pieces of glass slide on each other but resist separation. ♦ The pressure in the intrapleural space is subatmospheric ♦ The lungs are stretched when they expand at birth, and at the end of ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
Chapter 14 Regulation of Breathing
... Increased HCO3– prevents as large a fall in pH, as would be seen in a healthy patient. Abnormal .mechanics impair lung ability to ...
... Increased HCO3– prevents as large a fall in pH, as would be seen in a healthy patient. Abnormal .mechanics impair lung ability to ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
Figure 1 - Journal of Neuroscience
... The spatial location of sounds is an important aspect of auditory perception, but the ways in which space is represented are not fully understood. No space map has been found within the primary auditory pathway. However, a space map has been found in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colli ...
... The spatial location of sounds is an important aspect of auditory perception, but the ways in which space is represented are not fully understood. No space map has been found within the primary auditory pathway. However, a space map has been found in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colli ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... outcomes were signaled by gray, blue, and orange feedback rings, respectively. After juice delivery, the animal received two to four free tokens at the onset of the next trial. The outcome of the animal’s choice in a given trial was determined by the payoff matrix of a biased matching pennies game ( ...
... outcomes were signaled by gray, blue, and orange feedback rings, respectively. After juice delivery, the animal received two to four free tokens at the onset of the next trial. The outcome of the animal’s choice in a given trial was determined by the payoff matrix of a biased matching pennies game ( ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... decreases it at night with the net daily result being a reduction in food intake (88). Although most (57, 78, 82), but not all (76), studies show that brain injections of MCH increase food intake, mice lacking the MCH receptor actually exhibited increased food intake (24, 57). Feeding-related effect ...
... decreases it at night with the net daily result being a reduction in food intake (88). Although most (57, 78, 82), but not all (76), studies show that brain injections of MCH increase food intake, mice lacking the MCH receptor actually exhibited increased food intake (24, 57). Feeding-related effect ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... respond in complex scenes with multiple objects present, and used five stimuli simultaneously presented with one at the fovea and four in the surrounding parafovea so that quantitative and controlled data could be obtained. The stimuli were arranged as shown in Fig. 1, and the eyes were held still on ...
... respond in complex scenes with multiple objects present, and used five stimuli simultaneously presented with one at the fovea and four in the surrounding parafovea so that quantitative and controlled data could be obtained. The stimuli were arranged as shown in Fig. 1, and the eyes were held still on ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in a fixed order. More than half of OFC delay neurons were related to the expectancy of delivery or nodelivery of a reward as the respon ...
... neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in a fixed order. More than half of OFC delay neurons were related to the expectancy of delivery or nodelivery of a reward as the respon ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... reaches the cortex after being processed by multiple brain structures. In the auditory pathway, ...
... reaches the cortex after being processed by multiple brain structures. In the auditory pathway, ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... studies of the basal ganglia when they demonstrated that the activity of saccade-related neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), which project to the colliculus, was also correlated with the behavioral context within which a movement occurred. Although Hikosaka and Wurtz’s early studi ...
... studies of the basal ganglia when they demonstrated that the activity of saccade-related neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), which project to the colliculus, was also correlated with the behavioral context within which a movement occurred. Although Hikosaka and Wurtz’s early studi ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.