Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... the above conceptual advances. First, we investigated the relationship of input and output pathways in the VA nucleus that link it with functionally distinct lateral, medial, and orbitofrontal cortices. Second, by injecting retrograde tracers directly in the VA we investigated simultaneously project ...
... the above conceptual advances. First, we investigated the relationship of input and output pathways in the VA nucleus that link it with functionally distinct lateral, medial, and orbitofrontal cortices. Second, by injecting retrograde tracers directly in the VA we investigated simultaneously project ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
Emo7onal decision‐making systems and their role in addic7on
... these two cognitive systems, Kahneman summarized that: “…the operations of System 1 are typically fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit (not available to introspection), and often emotionally charged; they are also governed by habit and are therefore difBicult to control or modify…” ...
... these two cognitive systems, Kahneman summarized that: “…the operations of System 1 are typically fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit (not available to introspection), and often emotionally charged; they are also governed by habit and are therefore difBicult to control or modify…” ...
Differentiating features for the Weibull, Gamma, Log
... identified by the QLP method are those with the highest ranking values of the diagonal matrix L. The reduction in the number of hidden nodes is carried out by sorting the diagonal elements generated by the QLP decomposition and selecting the corresponding nodes so as to give good classification accu ...
... identified by the QLP method are those with the highest ranking values of the diagonal matrix L. The reduction in the number of hidden nodes is carried out by sorting the diagonal elements generated by the QLP decomposition and selecting the corresponding nodes so as to give good classification accu ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... each trial before reinforcer delivery and, in further analyses, touch key release latencies showed a stronger relationship to upcoming reward magnitude on spend trials (R2 = 0.116, p<0.0001) compared to saccade reaction times (R2 = 0.017, p<0.001). Overall, reaction time analyses confirmed that sequ ...
... each trial before reinforcer delivery and, in further analyses, touch key release latencies showed a stronger relationship to upcoming reward magnitude on spend trials (R2 = 0.116, p<0.0001) compared to saccade reaction times (R2 = 0.017, p<0.001). Overall, reaction time analyses confirmed that sequ ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... “Glutamate is generally acknowledged to be the most important transmitter for normal brain function” (Purves et al., 2001). Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. However, high extracellular glutamate can have toxic effects on neurons. It is synthesized in neurons from precursors. In a Human M ...
... “Glutamate is generally acknowledged to be the most important transmitter for normal brain function” (Purves et al., 2001). Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. However, high extracellular glutamate can have toxic effects on neurons. It is synthesized in neurons from precursors. In a Human M ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... by 72°C for 10 min. The second-round PCR product was ethanolprecipitated and resuspended in H2O for restriction analysis. Purity of the GluR2 product was verified for each sample by complete (.99.5%) digestion with the GluR2-specific enzyme Bsp1286I. The 634 bp GluR2 sequence was digested with the r ...
... by 72°C for 10 min. The second-round PCR product was ethanolprecipitated and resuspended in H2O for restriction analysis. Purity of the GluR2 product was verified for each sample by complete (.99.5%) digestion with the GluR2-specific enzyme Bsp1286I. The 634 bp GluR2 sequence was digested with the r ...
Deficits of brainstem and spinal cord functions after
... within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamines (8). Here, we investigated the respiratory function in HI mice 1 wk after the brain infarct. Plethysmographic recordings revealed a depressed respiratory frequency suggesting a dysfunction ...
... within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamines (8). Here, we investigated the respiratory function in HI mice 1 wk after the brain infarct. Plethysmographic recordings revealed a depressed respiratory frequency suggesting a dysfunction ...
Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the EAP with matching the intracellular action potential (IAP). I find that the IAP method underconstrains the parameters. The distinguishing characteristics of the EAP constrain the parameters and are fairly invariant to electrode position and ce ...
... I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the EAP with matching the intracellular action potential (IAP). I find that the IAP method underconstrains the parameters. The distinguishing characteristics of the EAP constrain the parameters and are fairly invariant to electrode position and ce ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... through actions at CNS sitesthat include the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the rostra1 ventromedial medulla (RVM). The RVM, a region that includesnucleusraphe magnus and the adjacent ventromedial reticular formation (Basbaum and Fields, 1984; Mason et al., 1990) is of particular interest be ...
... through actions at CNS sitesthat include the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the rostra1 ventromedial medulla (RVM). The RVM, a region that includesnucleusraphe magnus and the adjacent ventromedial reticular formation (Basbaum and Fields, 1984; Mason et al., 1990) is of particular interest be ...
Topical Review
... optic nerve.19 –22 In these sites, sprouting neurons activate specific molecular elements of a growth program to elaborate a growth cone, extend an axon and form new synapses. Nervous system injury also induces glial and meningeal growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequiv ...
... optic nerve.19 –22 In these sites, sprouting neurons activate specific molecular elements of a growth program to elaborate a growth cone, extend an axon and form new synapses. Nervous system injury also induces glial and meningeal growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequiv ...
Organization of Cytoskeletal Elements and Organelles Preceding
... tubulin, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus is localized at the proximal pole of the proximal pioneer neuron. The growth cone of the proximal cell stereotypically arises from this site. Although the distal cell's axon generally grows proximally, occasionally it arises from its distal pole; in such ...
... tubulin, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus is localized at the proximal pole of the proximal pioneer neuron. The growth cone of the proximal cell stereotypically arises from this site. Although the distal cell's axon generally grows proximally, occasionally it arises from its distal pole; in such ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
The Distribution of Chandelier Cell Axon Terminals that Express the
... sections were washed in PB, incubated in horse-anti-mouse or goat-antirabbit biotinylated secondary antibodies (1:200; Vector), and processed using the Vectastain ABC immunoperoxidase kit (Vector). Antibody labeling was visualized with 0.05% 3,39-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma, St Louis, ...
... sections were washed in PB, incubated in horse-anti-mouse or goat-antirabbit biotinylated secondary antibodies (1:200; Vector), and processed using the Vectastain ABC immunoperoxidase kit (Vector). Antibody labeling was visualized with 0.05% 3,39-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma, St Louis, ...
Oculomotor System
... Lesion of the right MLF disrupts axons of internuclear neurons whose cell bodies are located in the abducens nucleus and which project to the right medial rectus cell group of the oculomotor nucleus. On looking to the left, the ipsilateral eye (on the lesioned side) will not adduct on attempted conj ...
... Lesion of the right MLF disrupts axons of internuclear neurons whose cell bodies are located in the abducens nucleus and which project to the right medial rectus cell group of the oculomotor nucleus. On looking to the left, the ipsilateral eye (on the lesioned side) will not adduct on attempted conj ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... However, there may also be cases of coordination where the coordinating interactions are actually constitutive for the meaning (or functional role) of the local neural signals. Recording of a single neuron supplies a high amount of mutual information on the activities of other neurons. Therefore, th ...
... However, there may also be cases of coordination where the coordinating interactions are actually constitutive for the meaning (or functional role) of the local neural signals. Recording of a single neuron supplies a high amount of mutual information on the activities of other neurons. Therefore, th ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
Software Documents
... green, blue, red-green, red-blue, green-blue, and red-green-blue. If these neurons are active, they generally will cause the color of the creature to be different from the genetically defined colors. Often, the color values output from the color neurons will vary over time, causing the color of the ...
... green, blue, red-green, red-blue, green-blue, and red-green-blue. If these neurons are active, they generally will cause the color of the creature to be different from the genetically defined colors. Often, the color values output from the color neurons will vary over time, causing the color of the ...
Spinal Cord Neural Modeling for Clinical Applications
... functionality to UNCuS, including a novel datasheet interface permitting larger models, and modeled the electrodes and three-dimensional geometry of the thoracic spinal cord and surrounding tissues. He calculated the number of afferent fibers of different types and diameters within the dorsal column ...
... functionality to UNCuS, including a novel datasheet interface permitting larger models, and modeled the electrodes and three-dimensional geometry of the thoracic spinal cord and surrounding tissues. He calculated the number of afferent fibers of different types and diameters within the dorsal column ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. This modulation by the extra classical receptive field signals contextual information to the cell wh ...
... such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. This modulation by the extra classical receptive field signals contextual information to the cell wh ...
Applied Mathematics and Computation 215
... the nature of computation. There isn't." Undeterred, Dennis J. Frailey thinks it is the mathematicians who have got it wrong: "The concept of computation is arguably the most dramatic advance in mathematical thinking of the past century...Church, Gödel, and Turing defined it in terms of mathematical ...
... the nature of computation. There isn't." Undeterred, Dennis J. Frailey thinks it is the mathematicians who have got it wrong: "The concept of computation is arguably the most dramatic advance in mathematical thinking of the past century...Church, Gödel, and Turing defined it in terms of mathematical ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... impervious to outcome devaluation because the outcome is not part of the representational structure controlling performance (cf. Dickinson, 1985; and below for further discussion). To summarize then, it is of the utmost importance that a particular response be clearly defined in terms of the controll ...
... impervious to outcome devaluation because the outcome is not part of the representational structure controlling performance (cf. Dickinson, 1985; and below for further discussion). To summarize then, it is of the utmost importance that a particular response be clearly defined in terms of the controll ...