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... ventral subdivision of the striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) embodies the value learning part of the Critic that influences dopaminergic prediction errors, and the dorsal striatum is the Actor (Joel et al., 2002; but see Atallah et al., 2007 for a slightly different suggestion). While much ...
... ventral subdivision of the striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) embodies the value learning part of the Critic that influences dopaminergic prediction errors, and the dorsal striatum is the Actor (Joel et al., 2002; but see Atallah et al., 2007 for a slightly different suggestion). While much ...
primer on brain facts - Chicago Society of Neuroscience
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
BrainFacts.org A P R I M E R ...
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
a Primer on the Brain and Nervous System
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
... blood glucose levels. Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... supervisions were held at six o'clock in the evening and were supposed to last for an hour or fifty-five minutes, but Philip Whiting got so interested in what he was describing that the sessions often went on for an hour and a half, or even two or three hours. He was very keen that we should realize ...
... supervisions were held at six o'clock in the evening and were supposed to last for an hour or fifty-five minutes, but Philip Whiting got so interested in what he was describing that the sessions often went on for an hour and a half, or even two or three hours. He was very keen that we should realize ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... light-off period was calculated (Table 1). ␦ power (0.5– 4 Hz) was calculated using the ICELUS software system (M. Opp, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M I). After the EEG data were scored, the code was broken to reveal the identity of each rat. ANOVA and t tests with Bonferroni corrections (wher ...
... light-off period was calculated (Table 1). ␦ power (0.5– 4 Hz) was calculated using the ICELUS software system (M. Opp, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M I). After the EEG data were scored, the code was broken to reveal the identity of each rat. ANOVA and t tests with Bonferroni corrections (wher ...
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... implement the system architecture described in Figure 1. An overview of the system structure is given below. The architecture is made up of three layers: sensory, cognition and motor. The first layer the sensory layer contains the following: - Sentence Input and Output The robot receives auditory an ...
... implement the system architecture described in Figure 1. An overview of the system structure is given below. The architecture is made up of three layers: sensory, cognition and motor. The first layer the sensory layer contains the following: - Sentence Input and Output The robot receives auditory an ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... the cortical subplate (FIG. 2). This is a group of highly differentiated neurons that are generated early31, many of which are fated to die. This population is larger and more highly developed in phylogenetically more advanced species, although it can be identified even in rodents32. These neurons f ...
... the cortical subplate (FIG. 2). This is a group of highly differentiated neurons that are generated early31, many of which are fated to die. This population is larger and more highly developed in phylogenetically more advanced species, although it can be identified even in rodents32. These neurons f ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Functional Classification of Neurons Interneurons (association neurons) Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system Connect sensory and motor neurons ...
... Functional Classification of Neurons Interneurons (association neurons) Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system Connect sensory and motor neurons ...
Auditory–vocal mirroring in songbirds
... spoken language [1–10]. Beyond a role in skill learning, their capacity to encode both sensory and motor aspects of complex sequential behaviours would appear to predispose mirror neurons to function as a critical cellular interface for switching rapidly and efficiently back and forth between recept ...
... spoken language [1–10]. Beyond a role in skill learning, their capacity to encode both sensory and motor aspects of complex sequential behaviours would appear to predispose mirror neurons to function as a critical cellular interface for switching rapidly and efficiently back and forth between recept ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they ...
... by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential was discovered. This suggests that cells in the brain are firing in groups. In sum, these findings ...
... clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential was discovered. This suggests that cells in the brain are firing in groups. In sum, these findings ...
7 Ghrelin signalling
... First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body growth (by boosting th ...
... First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body growth (by boosting th ...
Lecture 05
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images ...
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... form dense clusters of varicosities in the dorsolateral region of the glomerulus, while M has only two dorsally directed branches. M gives rise to 4 or 5 large medial branches which, along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, ar ...
... form dense clusters of varicosities in the dorsolateral region of the glomerulus, while M has only two dorsally directed branches. M gives rise to 4 or 5 large medial branches which, along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, ar ...
Review Article Regeneration of Zebrafish CNS
... heart, and amputated fins. The focus of the present paper is on spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish. We intend to discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) that allows formation of proliferating progenitors and controls neurogenesis, which involve changes i ...
... heart, and amputated fins. The focus of the present paper is on spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish. We intend to discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) that allows formation of proliferating progenitors and controls neurogenesis, which involve changes i ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... could be set in any direction and the velocity could be varied between 10 and 100 deg·s–1. However, in the experiments reported here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual ...
... could be set in any direction and the velocity could be varied between 10 and 100 deg·s–1. However, in the experiments reported here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual ...
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... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... neurons involved in the somatosensory processing from the orofacial region. The types of neurons, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), are reviewed. Critically evaluating recent literature, the topics covered by the ongoing studies include the trigemina ...
... neurons involved in the somatosensory processing from the orofacial region. The types of neurons, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), are reviewed. Critically evaluating recent literature, the topics covered by the ongoing studies include the trigemina ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... application of dopamine receptor agonists inhibits extracellularly recorded spike activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic a ...
... application of dopamine receptor agonists inhibits extracellularly recorded spike activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic a ...
the organization of the arthropod central nervous system
... final motor fibers, are present in all animals. Because the delay times involved are the shortest possible, monosynaptic reflexes are common in quick withdrawal movements, which generally have priority over all other responses. However it is quite incorrect to picture such a reflex as an event invol ...
... final motor fibers, are present in all animals. Because the delay times involved are the shortest possible, monosynaptic reflexes are common in quick withdrawal movements, which generally have priority over all other responses. However it is quite incorrect to picture such a reflex as an event invol ...
Optimized Parallel Coding of Second
... 2010). Cells whose baseline firing rate was less or equal to 15 Hz were classified as superficial, cells whose baseline firing rate was greater or equal to 35 Hz were classified as deep, cells whose baseline firing rate was between 15 and 35 Hz were classified as intermediate. To quantify the neural ...
... 2010). Cells whose baseline firing rate was less or equal to 15 Hz were classified as superficial, cells whose baseline firing rate was greater or equal to 35 Hz were classified as deep, cells whose baseline firing rate was between 15 and 35 Hz were classified as intermediate. To quantify the neural ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... the above conceptual advances. First, we investigated the relationship of input and output pathways in the VA nucleus that link it with functionally distinct lateral, medial, and orbitofrontal cortices. Second, by injecting retrograde tracers directly in the VA we investigated simultaneously project ...
... the above conceptual advances. First, we investigated the relationship of input and output pathways in the VA nucleus that link it with functionally distinct lateral, medial, and orbitofrontal cortices. Second, by injecting retrograde tracers directly in the VA we investigated simultaneously project ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...
... basal and drug-induced changes in metabolic activity (Volkow et al., 1992; Paulus et al., 2002; Adinoff et al., 2003; Bolla et al., 2003), DA receptor levels (Volkow et al., 1993; London et al., 2000) and gray matter volume in OFC (Fein et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2002; Matochik et al., 2003). Fu ...