Projections From the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus to the Dorsal
... Local circuit interactions between the dorsal and ventral divisions of the cochlear nucleus are known to influence the evoked responses of the resident neurons to sound. In the present study, we examined the projections of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus by usi ...
... Local circuit interactions between the dorsal and ventral divisions of the cochlear nucleus are known to influence the evoked responses of the resident neurons to sound. In the present study, we examined the projections of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus by usi ...
Response characteristics in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN
... spatial copy of the retina as will be shown in the following. In mathematical terms the RF can be described as a combination of two centered gaussian sensitivity pro les of opposite polarity (the excitatory center and the antagonistic surround; [42], see gure 2A,C). The summation of both pro les re ...
... spatial copy of the retina as will be shown in the following. In mathematical terms the RF can be described as a combination of two centered gaussian sensitivity pro les of opposite polarity (the excitatory center and the antagonistic surround; [42], see gure 2A,C). The summation of both pro les re ...
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... were evoked at resting membrane potential. Thereafter B21 was progressively depolarized by current injection into the soma (trace not shown). In each case, 2 responses are shown at each membrane potential. When B21 was peripherally activated at resting potential, spikes did not actively propagate to ...
... were evoked at resting membrane potential. Thereafter B21 was progressively depolarized by current injection into the soma (trace not shown). In each case, 2 responses are shown at each membrane potential. When B21 was peripherally activated at resting potential, spikes did not actively propagate to ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... Acutely isolated hypothalamic neurons were prepared from the brains of 22-28 days old male Wistar rats (n = 6) or 21-60 days old male129/Sv mice (n = 4). Transverse slices containing the TM region were cut and incubated for 1 hour in a solution containing (mM): NaCl 125, KCl 3.7, CaCl2 1.0, MgCl2 1. ...
... Acutely isolated hypothalamic neurons were prepared from the brains of 22-28 days old male Wistar rats (n = 6) or 21-60 days old male129/Sv mice (n = 4). Transverse slices containing the TM region were cut and incubated for 1 hour in a solution containing (mM): NaCl 125, KCl 3.7, CaCl2 1.0, MgCl2 1. ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, and combined perfusion of both agonists caused effects similar to an equivalent concentration of a single agonist. In a computational model of the piriform cortex, we have analyzed the effect of noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission on signa ...
... effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, and combined perfusion of both agonists caused effects similar to an equivalent concentration of a single agonist. In a computational model of the piriform cortex, we have analyzed the effect of noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission on signa ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... The olfactory system in vertebrates has a unique embryology. It forms from 1) paired placodes made of non-neural epithelium that have the capacity to give rise to sensory neurons and supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium, and 2) neural crest cells that give origin to the structural elements o ...
... The olfactory system in vertebrates has a unique embryology. It forms from 1) paired placodes made of non-neural epithelium that have the capacity to give rise to sensory neurons and supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium, and 2) neural crest cells that give origin to the structural elements o ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... signals that are excitatory (elicit an excitatory postsynaptic potential, or EPSP) or inhibitory (elicit an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or IPSP). In humans, NMJ’s receive only excitatory signals. In crayfish, NMJ can receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals, or both. Excitatory postsyn ...
... signals that are excitatory (elicit an excitatory postsynaptic potential, or EPSP) or inhibitory (elicit an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or IPSP). In humans, NMJ’s receive only excitatory signals. In crayfish, NMJ can receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals, or both. Excitatory postsyn ...
Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... fibers enter the spinal cord. The majority of these fibers course uninterrupted cranially in the dorsal funiculus. These ascending branches give off collateral branches to the grey matter mainly at the segment of entry. These collaterals terminate in laminae III and IV. Another group of thick senso ...
... fibers enter the spinal cord. The majority of these fibers course uninterrupted cranially in the dorsal funiculus. These ascending branches give off collateral branches to the grey matter mainly at the segment of entry. These collaterals terminate in laminae III and IV. Another group of thick senso ...
Human Feature Extraction – The Role of the Articulatory Rhythm
... articulatory features [12] processed in the belt of the auditory cortex [13] These methods lead to improvements in ASR especially in noisy environments. The breakthrough to human performance has not been achieved yet. In recent years, large progress in understanding feature processing along the au ...
... articulatory features [12] processed in the belt of the auditory cortex [13] These methods lead to improvements in ASR especially in noisy environments. The breakthrough to human performance has not been achieved yet. In recent years, large progress in understanding feature processing along the au ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
- Wiley Online Library
... In recent years, axonal degeneration has been proposed to be a leading or contributing cause of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Trapp et al. 1998; Cifue ...
... In recent years, axonal degeneration has been proposed to be a leading or contributing cause of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Trapp et al. 1998; Cifue ...
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[PDF]
... fashion. The mapping becomes more complex, however, when a stimulus space that has more than two dimensions is mapped onto the cortical sheet. Optimizing local continuity then becomes a matter of fitting together disparate pieces in the best compromise possible. For example, at the columnar level, t ...
... fashion. The mapping becomes more complex, however, when a stimulus space that has more than two dimensions is mapped onto the cortical sheet. Optimizing local continuity then becomes a matter of fitting together disparate pieces in the best compromise possible. For example, at the columnar level, t ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila
... central nervous system (CNS). In gap and pair-rule gene mutants, lost epidermal segments are associated with elimination of the corresponding segmental ganglia. While these segmentation defects were expected, a second role for gap and pair-rule genes in the specification of particular neurons was no ...
... central nervous system (CNS). In gap and pair-rule gene mutants, lost epidermal segments are associated with elimination of the corresponding segmental ganglia. While these segmentation defects were expected, a second role for gap and pair-rule genes in the specification of particular neurons was no ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... visual structures respond as they do during constant fixation, the resulting barrage of action potentials could disrupt the information that enters the brain soon after each eye movement. Many mammals make fast eye movements, but saccades reach higher velocities and are more frequent in primates tha ...
... visual structures respond as they do during constant fixation, the resulting barrage of action potentials could disrupt the information that enters the brain soon after each eye movement. Many mammals make fast eye movements, but saccades reach higher velocities and are more frequent in primates tha ...
universidade federal do rio grande do norte instituto do
... Recently, the field of cellular reprogramming has been revolutionized by works showing the potential to directly lineage-reprogram somatic cells into neurons upon overexpression of specific transcription factors. This technique offers a promising strategy to study the molecular mechanisms of neurona ...
... Recently, the field of cellular reprogramming has been revolutionized by works showing the potential to directly lineage-reprogram somatic cells into neurons upon overexpression of specific transcription factors. This technique offers a promising strategy to study the molecular mechanisms of neurona ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... • Sympathetic Stimulation and the Release of Ach • Cholinergic (ACh) sympathetic terminals • Innervate sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain • Stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood ...
... • Sympathetic Stimulation and the Release of Ach • Cholinergic (ACh) sympathetic terminals • Innervate sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain • Stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... cortical connectivity. Premotor and prefrontal areas form a highly connected core that receives predominantly feedforward inputs from extrastriate visual areas; these inputs are reciprocated with predominantly feedback inputs (left wing). The core areas deliver predominantly feedforward inputs to ot ...
... cortical connectivity. Premotor and prefrontal areas form a highly connected core that receives predominantly feedforward inputs from extrastriate visual areas; these inputs are reciprocated with predominantly feedback inputs (left wing). The core areas deliver predominantly feedforward inputs to ot ...
Smell Prism - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ
... Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ability to recover from injury. OSN located in separate regions use 4 subfamilies of OR, individual OSN express sing ...
... Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with cilia containing a G-protiencoupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ability to recover from injury. OSN located in separate regions use 4 subfamilies of OR, individual OSN express sing ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... Other things that need to be considered include when to make your behavioral observations and what dose or treatment regimen to use for the hormone administration. When in doubt, it is best to be guided by endogenous, physiological concentrations of the hormone (if they are known) and by what is alr ...
... Other things that need to be considered include when to make your behavioral observations and what dose or treatment regimen to use for the hormone administration. When in doubt, it is best to be guided by endogenous, physiological concentrations of the hormone (if they are known) and by what is alr ...