Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... that a transversal section at the level of rostral pons usually led to a strong depression of expiratory efforts during cough and ER, as well as to a smaller depression of inspiratory effort in AR. Such pontine transsections probably removed both facilitatory and inhibitory reticular influences betw ...
... that a transversal section at the level of rostral pons usually led to a strong depression of expiratory efforts during cough and ER, as well as to a smaller depression of inspiratory effort in AR. Such pontine transsections probably removed both facilitatory and inhibitory reticular influences betw ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... 1.1 Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Despite recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for regulating energy expenditure, obesity remains one of the most serious health concerns worldwide. Obesity is associated with a wide array of adverse health effects including insulin resistance, ...
... 1.1 Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Despite recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for regulating energy expenditure, obesity remains one of the most serious health concerns worldwide. Obesity is associated with a wide array of adverse health effects including insulin resistance, ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... impervious to outcome devaluation because the outcome is not part of the representational structure controlling performance (cf. Dickinson, 1985; and below for further discussion). To summarize then, it is of the utmost importance that a particular response be clearly defined in terms of the controll ...
... impervious to outcome devaluation because the outcome is not part of the representational structure controlling performance (cf. Dickinson, 1985; and below for further discussion). To summarize then, it is of the utmost importance that a particular response be clearly defined in terms of the controll ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... contain the instructions for proteins that recognize the various structures of odorant molecules. Moreover – and in Mombaerts’s view this is the most significant of his many findings – they also control the navigation of axons from the olfactory sensory neurons to the brain. The entire procedure of ...
... contain the instructions for proteins that recognize the various structures of odorant molecules. Moreover – and in Mombaerts’s view this is the most significant of his many findings – they also control the navigation of axons from the olfactory sensory neurons to the brain. The entire procedure of ...
Single-Unit Analysis of the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Patients With
... obtained by calculating the inverse of the value of the mean ISI of each recording file. The coefficient of variation of the discharge was defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of the ISIs of a recording file. The coefficient of variation is a meaningful measure of the specific ...
... obtained by calculating the inverse of the value of the mean ISI of each recording file. The coefficient of variation of the discharge was defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of the ISIs of a recording file. The coefficient of variation is a meaningful measure of the specific ...
Resting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to
... that mediate attention, reward-based decision making, and monitoring of emotional salience (Ressler and Mayberg, 2007; Seminowicz et al, 2004); (2) the subcortical brain regions that process affective stimuli (Kumar et al, 2008; Pizzagalli et al, 2009) and that modulate emotional memory formation an ...
... that mediate attention, reward-based decision making, and monitoring of emotional salience (Ressler and Mayberg, 2007; Seminowicz et al, 2004); (2) the subcortical brain regions that process affective stimuli (Kumar et al, 2008; Pizzagalli et al, 2009) and that modulate emotional memory formation an ...
The Physics of the Brain
... b. Implement using an ODE a model to calculate the average current, compare to a. and to analytical curve ...
... b. Implement using an ODE a model to calculate the average current, compare to a. and to analytical curve ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonist that elicits homeostat ...
... Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonist that elicits homeostat ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... response–reward contingencies experienced by our subjects, we used two and statistical analyses. The first four volumes of images were discarded different types of reward schedule: variable-ratio (VR) schedules, in to avoid T1 equilibrium effects. The images were realigned to the first which subject ...
... response–reward contingencies experienced by our subjects, we used two and statistical analyses. The first four volumes of images were discarded different types of reward schedule: variable-ratio (VR) schedules, in to avoid T1 equilibrium effects. The images were realigned to the first which subject ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... learning model proposed by Grossberg (1987) is also an instance of the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory comb ...
... learning model proposed by Grossberg (1987) is also an instance of the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory comb ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... machine and identification of the functionally distinct cell types is critical to any bottomup understanding of neural networks. Some major cell types were already described in the late 19th century by Ramon y Cajal using Golgi staining (Cajal 1899). However due to the plasticity of neurons and the ...
... machine and identification of the functionally distinct cell types is critical to any bottomup understanding of neural networks. Some major cell types were already described in the late 19th century by Ramon y Cajal using Golgi staining (Cajal 1899). However due to the plasticity of neurons and the ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
... ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ...
... ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cilia are exposed to the environment through the cuticle. The amphid wing neurons (XYX, XYB, XYC) have complex ciliary structures. T ...
... channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cilia are exposed to the environment through the cuticle. The amphid wing neurons (XYX, XYB, XYC) have complex ciliary structures. T ...
Weber et al. - 2000
... because retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma can be diffuse, LGN regions representing retinal input from superior retina (nasal LGN), inferior retina (temporal LGN), nasal retina (contralateral LGN), and temporal retina (ipsilateral LGN) were examined (Fig. 1). Cell samples (approximately 100 neur ...
... because retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma can be diffuse, LGN regions representing retinal input from superior retina (nasal LGN), inferior retina (temporal LGN), nasal retina (contralateral LGN), and temporal retina (ipsilateral LGN) were examined (Fig. 1). Cell samples (approximately 100 neur ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... However, animals and humans with basal ganglia dysfunctions show deficits that may not simply be classified as movement disorders. For example, animals with large lesions in the striatum may ignore a moving object or obsessively follow it (Denny-Brown, 1962). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may have ...
... However, animals and humans with basal ganglia dysfunctions show deficits that may not simply be classified as movement disorders. For example, animals with large lesions in the striatum may ignore a moving object or obsessively follow it (Denny-Brown, 1962). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may have ...
Neural Transcription Factors: from Embryos to Neural Stem Cells
... 2007). The FGF-mediated switch from mesodermal to neural fates also is regulated by a pluripotency transcription factor, POU91/Oct4, upstream of Churc and Sip1(Snir et al., 2006). Thus, these factors appear to be activated at the time cells are switching off a pluripotency program. Adding neural ind ...
... 2007). The FGF-mediated switch from mesodermal to neural fates also is regulated by a pluripotency transcription factor, POU91/Oct4, upstream of Churc and Sip1(Snir et al., 2006). Thus, these factors appear to be activated at the time cells are switching off a pluripotency program. Adding neural ind ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... added advantage, can be used to study loss-of-function mutations. Much of the progress reviewed in this article would not have been possible without these technological advances. Breaking down complex dendritic trees Although the processes used to build dendritic trees are complex and diverse (Fig. ...
... added advantage, can be used to study loss-of-function mutations. Much of the progress reviewed in this article would not have been possible without these technological advances. Breaking down complex dendritic trees Although the processes used to build dendritic trees are complex and diverse (Fig. ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... remains one of the biggest challenges of contemporary neuroscience. While invasive recording in animal models can provide insight into neural processes that are conserved across species, our understanding of cognition more broadly relies upon investigation of the human brain itself. There is therefo ...
... remains one of the biggest challenges of contemporary neuroscience. While invasive recording in animal models can provide insight into neural processes that are conserved across species, our understanding of cognition more broadly relies upon investigation of the human brain itself. There is therefo ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... of the same DRG section (28 pm) showing NOS-IR (A) and FGlabeled pelvic visceral afferent neurons (B). In A, NOS staining was visualized using diaminobenzidine HCl and nickel intensification. This type of staining often obscured the dye such that FG was only obvious in the nucleus and in small cytop ...
... of the same DRG section (28 pm) showing NOS-IR (A) and FGlabeled pelvic visceral afferent neurons (B). In A, NOS staining was visualized using diaminobenzidine HCl and nickel intensification. This type of staining often obscured the dye such that FG was only obvious in the nucleus and in small cytop ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...