New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... 2001; Wilensky et al. 1999), and transgenic approaches (Impey et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et ...
... 2001; Wilensky et al. 1999), and transgenic approaches (Impey et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
Principles of Neural Science
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
... All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Son ...
... All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Son ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... studied the activity of crude type A toxin in synaptosomes prepared from brains of guinea-pigs. They found that toxin did not reduce the formation of acetylcholine, but depressed its release. Bigalke et al. (1978) first examined the effect of the toxin (crystalline type A toxin, M , 900000) on prima ...
... studied the activity of crude type A toxin in synaptosomes prepared from brains of guinea-pigs. They found that toxin did not reduce the formation of acetylcholine, but depressed its release. Bigalke et al. (1978) first examined the effect of the toxin (crystalline type A toxin, M , 900000) on prima ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... vivo electrode impedances varied from 60 to 100 MV. Once stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane ...
... vivo electrode impedances varied from 60 to 100 MV. Once stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and i ...
... It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and i ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... maximum peak of 1.0, the population power spectrum formed by averaging them had a peak of <1.0. This happened because the maximum response was not at the same frequency for every unit. (For example, maximum response could occur at the stimulus frequency for one unit, and at the video frame rate for ...
... maximum peak of 1.0, the population power spectrum formed by averaging them had a peak of <1.0. This happened because the maximum response was not at the same frequency for every unit. (For example, maximum response could occur at the stimulus frequency for one unit, and at the video frame rate for ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... 2005). For example, if a site in cortex responds to touching the left cheek and to visual stimuli near or approaching the left cheek, then stimulation of that site evokes a squint, a folding back of the left ear, a rightward turning of the head, a lifting of the left shoulder, and a rapid lifting a ...
... 2005). For example, if a site in cortex responds to touching the left cheek and to visual stimuli near or approaching the left cheek, then stimulation of that site evokes a squint, a folding back of the left ear, a rightward turning of the head, a lifting of the left shoulder, and a rapid lifting a ...
Dendrites as separate compartment – local protein synthesis
... Neurons communicate through the synapses. Each neuron contains thousands of them. The dendritic tree of a typical projection neuron in the adult mammalian brain contains approximately 10 000 dendritic spines, small membranous protrusions from the central stalk of a dendrite. Onto each of them a sing ...
... Neurons communicate through the synapses. Each neuron contains thousands of them. The dendritic tree of a typical projection neuron in the adult mammalian brain contains approximately 10 000 dendritic spines, small membranous protrusions from the central stalk of a dendrite. Onto each of them a sing ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... extensive morphological changes necessary to establish functional connections. Extracellular cues function through surface receptors to control signaling pathways whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell shape and motility. Past research has identifie ...
... extensive morphological changes necessary to establish functional connections. Extracellular cues function through surface receptors to control signaling pathways whose interplay results in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and thereby changes in cell shape and motility. Past research has identifie ...
Lecture VIII. Spinal Cord
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 21, 2009 ...
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 21, 2009 ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Autonomic = 2 neuron pathway; first is preganglionic and body resides in brain/S.C.; 2nd is postganglionic and body resides in autonomic ganglion • Pre’s are lightly myelinated; post’s are unmyelinated • SNS = short pre/long post ganglionic axon • PsNS = long pre/short post ganglionic axon ...
... Autonomic = 2 neuron pathway; first is preganglionic and body resides in brain/S.C.; 2nd is postganglionic and body resides in autonomic ganglion • Pre’s are lightly myelinated; post’s are unmyelinated • SNS = short pre/long post ganglionic axon • PsNS = long pre/short post ganglionic axon ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
Molecular mechanisms of growth cone guidance
... Introduction The establishment of a functional nervous system crucially depends on the correct wiring of its individual parts. Thus, during development, axons have to find their way to and make connections with their appropriate target cells. So far the mechanisms that determine the manner in which ...
... Introduction The establishment of a functional nervous system crucially depends on the correct wiring of its individual parts. Thus, during development, axons have to find their way to and make connections with their appropriate target cells. So far the mechanisms that determine the manner in which ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium ...
... Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
link to pdf of article - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... sequencing tasks in other species, under the assumption that similar mechanisms should underlie linguistic processes and other complex serial behaviors. We emphasize that the use of artificial neural network architectures alone does not establish biological plausibility; rather, it is essential to e ...
... sequencing tasks in other species, under the assumption that similar mechanisms should underlie linguistic processes and other complex serial behaviors. We emphasize that the use of artificial neural network architectures alone does not establish biological plausibility; rather, it is essential to e ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium ...
... Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium ...
Are fast/slow process in motor adaptation and forward/inverse
... Another question is whether the fast and slow processes have different neural basis [11] or result from multiple time-scales in the synaptic plasticity of single neurons [12]. Achieved data in [2] proposed that fast and slow components of motor memory may be anatomically distinct from each other. Ba ...
... Another question is whether the fast and slow processes have different neural basis [11] or result from multiple time-scales in the synaptic plasticity of single neurons [12]. Achieved data in [2] proposed that fast and slow components of motor memory may be anatomically distinct from each other. Ba ...
Raven Ch
... 9. Suppose that you stick your finger with a sharp pin. The area affected is very small and only one pain receptor fires. However, it fires repeatedly at a rapid rate (it hurts!). This is an example of— a. temporal summation b. spatial summation c. habituation d. repolarization The correct answer is ...
... 9. Suppose that you stick your finger with a sharp pin. The area affected is very small and only one pain receptor fires. However, it fires repeatedly at a rapid rate (it hurts!). This is an example of— a. temporal summation b. spatial summation c. habituation d. repolarization The correct answer is ...
Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of
... the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which in turn activates the neural pathways from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens via the medial forebrain bundles. Interestingly, hedonic feeding is modulated by metabolic signals. Leptin acts on the dopaminergic neurons in the VTA to suppress feeding.31 Conversely ...
... the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which in turn activates the neural pathways from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens via the medial forebrain bundles. Interestingly, hedonic feeding is modulated by metabolic signals. Leptin acts on the dopaminergic neurons in the VTA to suppress feeding.31 Conversely ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...