the superior Olivary complex
... Off responses in the SOC of rats are almost exclusively found in the SPON (Kulesza et al., 2003). Unlike the robust off response seen in the unanesthetized rabbit (e.g., see Figure 7–8), the off responses in the anesthetized rat often constitutes a single action potential. Neurons in the DMPO and SP ...
... Off responses in the SOC of rats are almost exclusively found in the SPON (Kulesza et al., 2003). Unlike the robust off response seen in the unanesthetized rabbit (e.g., see Figure 7–8), the off responses in the anesthetized rat often constitutes a single action potential. Neurons in the DMPO and SP ...
Properties of Primary Sensory (Lemniscal) Synapses in the
... amplitude was unchanged (i.e., between trials it varied ⬍5% at 0.1 Hz). The average amplitude of the unitary event across cells was 11.87 ⫾ 2 mV (mean ⫾ SD; n ⫽ 8). As mentioned in the preceding text, the lemniscal unitary EPSP depressed slightly but significantly at frequencies ⬎2 Hz, and the amoun ...
... amplitude was unchanged (i.e., between trials it varied ⬍5% at 0.1 Hz). The average amplitude of the unitary event across cells was 11.87 ⫾ 2 mV (mean ⫾ SD; n ⫽ 8). As mentioned in the preceding text, the lemniscal unitary EPSP depressed slightly but significantly at frequencies ⬎2 Hz, and the amoun ...
The Auditory System
... of the tympanic membrane result in smaller, more forceful, movements of the stapes. In all, the mechanical transformer action of the middle ear produces a gain of approximately 70-100 fold. Its significance can be clearly appreciated by the fact that the coefficient of sound transmission from the t ...
... of the tympanic membrane result in smaller, more forceful, movements of the stapes. In all, the mechanical transformer action of the middle ear produces a gain of approximately 70-100 fold. Its significance can be clearly appreciated by the fact that the coefficient of sound transmission from the t ...
Neuronal correlates of decision
... Responses of S2 neurons during the comparison period Many neurons in S2 did not respond in a purely sensory manner: their response to stimulus f2 was not simply a function of f2 frequency. Two particularly clear example neurons are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The trial blocks highlighted by thick black ...
... Responses of S2 neurons during the comparison period Many neurons in S2 did not respond in a purely sensory manner: their response to stimulus f2 was not simply a function of f2 frequency. Two particularly clear example neurons are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The trial blocks highlighted by thick black ...
Chapter 11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control
... Autonomic Synapse or Neuroeffector Junction (Figure 11-8, p. 392) Neurotransmitter release can be modulated here by hormones and paracrines (e.g. histamine) which can either facilitate or inhibit neurotransmitter release Some preganglionic neurons co-secrete neuropeptides along with ACh The peptide ...
... Autonomic Synapse or Neuroeffector Junction (Figure 11-8, p. 392) Neurotransmitter release can be modulated here by hormones and paracrines (e.g. histamine) which can either facilitate or inhibit neurotransmitter release Some preganglionic neurons co-secrete neuropeptides along with ACh The peptide ...
Neural Darwinism
... inconsistent with the then prevalent notions of brain function: First, individual nervous systems (particularly those of vertebrate species) show enormous structural and functional variability. This striking variability was explicitly noted by Lashley (1947), who at the time could offer no explanati ...
... inconsistent with the then prevalent notions of brain function: First, individual nervous systems (particularly those of vertebrate species) show enormous structural and functional variability. This striking variability was explicitly noted by Lashley (1947), who at the time could offer no explanati ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... computations, the decentralized architecture considers a number of local processors communicating with each other via reciprocal connections, so that optimal information processing is achieved at each local processor distributively [7]. This architecture was supported by a number of experimental fin ...
... computations, the decentralized architecture considers a number of local processors communicating with each other via reciprocal connections, so that optimal information processing is achieved at each local processor distributively [7]. This architecture was supported by a number of experimental fin ...
A proposed common neural mechanism for categorization and
... of the stimuli. These category-selective signals were prevalent during the sample-stimulus interval and the delay period, and could even persist into the test period, at which time the monkey had to use remembered information about the sample category to respond appropriately to the test stimulus. ...
... of the stimuli. These category-selective signals were prevalent during the sample-stimulus interval and the delay period, and could even persist into the test period, at which time the monkey had to use remembered information about the sample category to respond appropriately to the test stimulus. ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
Schwann Cells Stimulated to Proliferate in the Absence of Neurons
... and grown in culture in the absence of neurons. We are interested in substantially expanding such cultures for use in the study of Schwann cells, their growth responses, and their interactions with neurons. However, it was important to determine if expanded cell populations retained their distinguis ...
... and grown in culture in the absence of neurons. We are interested in substantially expanding such cultures for use in the study of Schwann cells, their growth responses, and their interactions with neurons. However, it was important to determine if expanded cell populations retained their distinguis ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... of excitation and 47 of inhibition against 9 of excitation followed by inhibition and 19 of inhibition followed by excitation). The influences could be seen in the ventral root branches both ipsilateral and contralateral to an RS neuron. The amplitude of the response, that is, a deviation of the sum ...
... of excitation and 47 of inhibition against 9 of excitation followed by inhibition and 19 of inhibition followed by excitation). The influences could be seen in the ventral root branches both ipsilateral and contralateral to an RS neuron. The amplitude of the response, that is, a deviation of the sum ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... Understanding the intentions of others while watching their actions is a fundamental building block of social behavior. The neural and functional mechanisms underlying this ability are still poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms we used functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-thre ...
... Understanding the intentions of others while watching their actions is a fundamental building block of social behavior. The neural and functional mechanisms underlying this ability are still poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms we used functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-thre ...
Neural Coding: Higher Order Temporal Patterns in the
... (sometimes triplets) of neurons recorded under appropriate stimulus conditions. The result is a time-averaged measure of the temporal correlation among the spiking events of the observed neurons under those conditions. Application of these measures has revealed interesting instances of time- and con ...
... (sometimes triplets) of neurons recorded under appropriate stimulus conditions. The result is a time-averaged measure of the temporal correlation among the spiking events of the observed neurons under those conditions. Application of these measures has revealed interesting instances of time- and con ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never silent but fire spontaneously at rates of 1–10 Hz between different trials of a working memory task, outside a task context, or even during the delay phases if they are not tuned to t ...
... Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never silent but fire spontaneously at rates of 1–10 Hz between different trials of a working memory task, outside a task context, or even during the delay phases if they are not tuned to t ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... expression was detected in a negligible number of histamine neurons (less than 1%) distributed uniformly in the TMN (Miklos and Kovacs, 2003). Following restraint, up to 36% of histamine neurons in E4 and E5 regions became c-fos positive, but significantly fewer, less than 10%, were activated in E1, ...
... expression was detected in a negligible number of histamine neurons (less than 1%) distributed uniformly in the TMN (Miklos and Kovacs, 2003). Following restraint, up to 36% of histamine neurons in E4 and E5 regions became c-fos positive, but significantly fewer, less than 10%, were activated in E1, ...
Plaque and tangle distribution at different stages of Alzheimer`s
... Release of tau into extracellular space from axons , then cell bodies Uptake of tau by surrounding cells ...
... Release of tau into extracellular space from axons , then cell bodies Uptake of tau by surrounding cells ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... excitation and the peak activity. Single cell responses were aligned to either saccade or stimulus onset and, because the number of saccades was variable between individual recordings, mean response histograms were processed. The histograms were built up only from measurements in which no saccade ap ...
... excitation and the peak activity. Single cell responses were aligned to either saccade or stimulus onset and, because the number of saccades was variable between individual recordings, mean response histograms were processed. The histograms were built up only from measurements in which no saccade ap ...
Novel Nuclear Protein Complexes of Dystrophin 71 Isoforms in
... muscle degeneration, due to the absence of dystrophin [1]. Dystrophin 71 (Dp71) is the most abundant C-terminal form of dystrophin in the central nervous system (CNS), and two Dp71 DMD gene products (Dp71d and Dp71f) are generated by splicing of exon 78 [2]. Dp71d preserves the last 13 amino acids e ...
... muscle degeneration, due to the absence of dystrophin [1]. Dystrophin 71 (Dp71) is the most abundant C-terminal form of dystrophin in the central nervous system (CNS), and two Dp71 DMD gene products (Dp71d and Dp71f) are generated by splicing of exon 78 [2]. Dp71d preserves the last 13 amino acids e ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
... To ascertain the function of the PLAT domain, GFPtagged PLAT domain transgenes were introduced into wildtype animals. The mating behavior of transgenic animals is scored, with response and Lov defects being an effective readout of interference with polycystin signaling. The strong pkd-2 promoter is ...
Remapping of Border Ownership in the Visual Cortex
... Inventor on a Pentium 4 Linux workstation with NVIDIA GeForce 6800 graphics card using the anti-aliasing feature of the software and were presented on a 21-inch EIZO FlexScan T965 color monitor with 1600 ⫻ 1200 resolution at 72 Hz refresh rate. Stereoscopic pairs were presented side by side and supe ...
... Inventor on a Pentium 4 Linux workstation with NVIDIA GeForce 6800 graphics card using the anti-aliasing feature of the software and were presented on a 21-inch EIZO FlexScan T965 color monitor with 1600 ⫻ 1200 resolution at 72 Hz refresh rate. Stereoscopic pairs were presented side by side and supe ...
PowerPoint Slides - Portland State University
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...
The Cochlear Nucleus - Neurobiology of Hearing
... cell. Dashed line in box labeled MSO indicates that the projection is to only one‐half of the nucleus. (B) Small spherical bushy cell. The LSO is the only known target of these cells. The dashed line ending in a question mark indicates that very little is known about their projections. (C) Globu ...
... cell. Dashed line in box labeled MSO indicates that the projection is to only one‐half of the nucleus. (B) Small spherical bushy cell. The LSO is the only known target of these cells. The dashed line ending in a question mark indicates that very little is known about their projections. (C) Globu ...
Transgenic Mice Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein under the
... and TRH; T7 for CRH and ORX) according to the manufacturers’ protocol (Promega; Ambion). The period during which slides were exposed to emulsion ranged from 3 to 10 d. Two methods of scoring double-labeled cells were used (Elias et al., 1999). The less stringent of the two considered cells to contai ...
... and TRH; T7 for CRH and ORX) according to the manufacturers’ protocol (Promega; Ambion). The period during which slides were exposed to emulsion ranged from 3 to 10 d. Two methods of scoring double-labeled cells were used (Elias et al., 1999). The less stringent of the two considered cells to contai ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.