Suppression of secondary electron emission from the material
... Secondary electron emission ~SEE! is one of the most important processes in plasma–surface interactions in fusion devices, flying objects in space, plasma processing, and so on. In the scrape-off layer ~SOL! plasma of toroidal fusion devices with magnetic divertors, the magnetic field lines connect ...
... Secondary electron emission ~SEE! is one of the most important processes in plasma–surface interactions in fusion devices, flying objects in space, plasma processing, and so on. In the scrape-off layer ~SOL! plasma of toroidal fusion devices with magnetic divertors, the magnetic field lines connect ...
Statistical Physics Problem Sets 5–8: Statistical Mechanics
... 5.1 Factorials. a) Use your calculator to work out ln 15! Compare your answer with the simple version of Stirling’s formula (ln N ! ≈ N ln N − N ). How big must N be for the simple version of Stirling’s formula to be correct to within 2%? b∗ ) Derive Stirling’s formula (you can look this up in a boo ...
... 5.1 Factorials. a) Use your calculator to work out ln 15! Compare your answer with the simple version of Stirling’s formula (ln N ! ≈ N ln N − N ). How big must N be for the simple version of Stirling’s formula to be correct to within 2%? b∗ ) Derive Stirling’s formula (you can look this up in a boo ...
Resolving Subsurface Magnetism at Atomic Scale by - SPring-8
... reflects the long-range magnetic ordering. At a thickness beyond SRT, the magnetic moment orientation in a perpendicular direction is caused by the spin magnetic moment in the interior layers, whereas in the region below SRT, where the spin magnetic moment is small, the orbital magnetic moment of th ...
... reflects the long-range magnetic ordering. At a thickness beyond SRT, the magnetic moment orientation in a perpendicular direction is caused by the spin magnetic moment in the interior layers, whereas in the region below SRT, where the spin magnetic moment is small, the orbital magnetic moment of th ...
Formation of a Surface–Sandwich Structure in Pd
... their physical and chemical properties, which are determined by their size, shape, structure and composition. In particular, it is well-known that Pd is a metal with important existing and potential applications as a catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis. The use of Pd as a single active metal compone ...
... their physical and chemical properties, which are determined by their size, shape, structure and composition. In particular, it is well-known that Pd is a metal with important existing and potential applications as a catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis. The use of Pd as a single active metal compone ...
基于结构网格下的AMR技术研究
... compressible N-S equations ‘06, but they did not exclude singularity in the momentum eqns., i.e., the momentum eqs. do not hold in the classical sense of weak solutions. ...
... compressible N-S equations ‘06, but they did not exclude singularity in the momentum eqns., i.e., the momentum eqs. do not hold in the classical sense of weak solutions. ...
interference as measurement -- quantum states of light, single
... though x and p of each are incompatible, x1-x2 is compatible with p1+p2. ...
... though x and p of each are incompatible, x1-x2 is compatible with p1+p2. ...
PX121: Thermal Physics Lecture 2
... “A system in equilibrium reacts to a (small) externally imposed change in one of its state variables by readjusting its internal condition so as to reverse the change.” (Henri Louis le Chatelier, 1844) E.g. ...
... “A system in equilibrium reacts to a (small) externally imposed change in one of its state variables by readjusting its internal condition so as to reverse the change.” (Henri Louis le Chatelier, 1844) E.g. ...
extra material
... sensitive to heat interactions between the thermometer and other systems, but was insensitive to ordinary variations in barometric pressure on the glass or to other influences such as electric or magnetic ones. Therefore, the mercury-in-glass thermometer became a system with a single independent var ...
... sensitive to heat interactions between the thermometer and other systems, but was insensitive to ordinary variations in barometric pressure on the glass or to other influences such as electric or magnetic ones. Therefore, the mercury-in-glass thermometer became a system with a single independent var ...
D12E12Safety1\4Curr\emet
... principles for efficient operation of marine heat engine and the relationship between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one form into the other FUNCTION: F1 – Marine Engineering at the operational level 7. COURSE OUTLINE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: The students shall be ab ...
... principles for efficient operation of marine heat engine and the relationship between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one form into the other FUNCTION: F1 – Marine Engineering at the operational level 7. COURSE OUTLINE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: The students shall be ab ...
SiO 2 - Wits Structural Chemistry
... Electronegativity: C is more electronegative than the rest. C ad Si forms strong oxophiles and fluorophiles due to high affinities to the hard anions, O2- and F-, respectively. All elements except lead have solid phase in a diamond structure. The cubic form of tin – grey Sn (α-Sn) is not stable at r ...
... Electronegativity: C is more electronegative than the rest. C ad Si forms strong oxophiles and fluorophiles due to high affinities to the hard anions, O2- and F-, respectively. All elements except lead have solid phase in a diamond structure. The cubic form of tin – grey Sn (α-Sn) is not stable at r ...
Protocol 16 - Determining the Presence and Mobility of Nonaqueoue
... the standard “not present”. In addition, it describes the circumstances when two types of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) and light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are considered mobile. Contaminant mobility is a key factor used in site risk classification ...
... the standard “not present”. In addition, it describes the circumstances when two types of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) and light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are considered mobile. Contaminant mobility is a key factor used in site risk classification ...
0922085
... The explosivity range of UN No. 1547 ANILINE is 1.2% to 11% (by volume). What would the properties of a mixture of 0.1% (by volume) of aniline and 99.9% (by volume) of air ...
... The explosivity range of UN No. 1547 ANILINE is 1.2% to 11% (by volume). What would the properties of a mixture of 0.1% (by volume) of aniline and 99.9% (by volume) of air ...
Document
... A gas can be ionized under non equilibrium conditions (too low temperature for equilibrium ionization) with constant energy dissipation, like in electric discharges, photoionized media, preshock regions, and so on. ...
... A gas can be ionized under non equilibrium conditions (too low temperature for equilibrium ionization) with constant energy dissipation, like in electric discharges, photoionized media, preshock regions, and so on. ...
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and neutron-degenerate matter, but these only occur in extreme situations such as ultra cold or ultra dense matter. Other states, such as quark–gluon plasmas, are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. Plasma is the most common form of visible matter in the universe.The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but a system can contain several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (see Phase (matter) for more discussion of the difference between the two terms).