The cytoarchitectonic and neuronal structure of the red nucleus in
... general, they lie above the magnocellular part. Its medial side adjoins the oculomotor nerve III, and the retroflexus fascicle in front, whereas its ventral side adjoins strictly the medial lemniscus. The posterior portion of RN is constituted of RNm, which is in the form of a circular, well disting ...
... general, they lie above the magnocellular part. Its medial side adjoins the oculomotor nerve III, and the retroflexus fascicle in front, whereas its ventral side adjoins strictly the medial lemniscus. The posterior portion of RN is constituted of RNm, which is in the form of a circular, well disting ...
Cognitive Neuroscience
... including other aspects of language processing, such as the assignment of meanings to the words in a sentence. In Fodor’s view, there are many specialized modules (corresponding approximately to primary and secondary cortical areas and their subcortical inputs and outputs). These are complemented by ...
... including other aspects of language processing, such as the assignment of meanings to the words in a sentence. In Fodor’s view, there are many specialized modules (corresponding approximately to primary and secondary cortical areas and their subcortical inputs and outputs). These are complemented by ...
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of
... have been shown to be extremely similar to the molecular cascade implicated in long-term potentiation in the mammalian brain (Colley & Routtenberg, 1993) as well as in the nervous system of invertebrates (Krasne & Glanzman, 1995). Interestingly enough, the endogenous opioid neurotransmission system ...
... have been shown to be extremely similar to the molecular cascade implicated in long-term potentiation in the mammalian brain (Colley & Routtenberg, 1993) as well as in the nervous system of invertebrates (Krasne & Glanzman, 1995). Interestingly enough, the endogenous opioid neurotransmission system ...
Neurons
... • Opening other types of ion channels triggers a depolarization, a reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential • For example, depolarization occurs if gated Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses into the cell ...
... • Opening other types of ion channels triggers a depolarization, a reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential • For example, depolarization occurs if gated Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses into the cell ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... causes and states (for definitions, see main text). The computations relating to causes and states are formally identical, except that the updates for causes are based on reciprocal exchanges between levels. In this scheme, expectation units recursively update their activity (1 and 5) with input fro ...
... causes and states (for definitions, see main text). The computations relating to causes and states are formally identical, except that the updates for causes are based on reciprocal exchanges between levels. In this scheme, expectation units recursively update their activity (1 and 5) with input fro ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also observed in the human SN neurons, especially in the oldest cases [6]. In our material no typical spines but varicosities and bead-like protuberances were observed, only on the secondary dendrites and their branches. The absence or presence of the varic ...
... loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also observed in the human SN neurons, especially in the oldest cases [6]. In our material no typical spines but varicosities and bead-like protuberances were observed, only on the secondary dendrites and their branches. The absence or presence of the varic ...
Core concepts - University of Arizona
... at its base. Credit: Copyright © 2008, Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. Photo by Joe Shymanski. ...
... at its base. Credit: Copyright © 2008, Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. Photo by Joe Shymanski. ...
Chapter 13 - tanabe homepage
... • Potassium gates open letting K+ out • Repolarization occurs • Interior of axon regains negative charge (-65mV) • Wave of depolarization/repolarization travels down the axon ...
... • Potassium gates open letting K+ out • Repolarization occurs • Interior of axon regains negative charge (-65mV) • Wave of depolarization/repolarization travels down the axon ...
(lateral spinothalamic tract).
... GVA fibers carrying visceral sensation (other than pain), have their cell bodies in the inferior ganglia of C.N. IX and X (petrosal & nodosal) and have their central connections with solitary tract and nucleus. Then the solitary nucleus projects to the hypothalamus and VPM. ...
... GVA fibers carrying visceral sensation (other than pain), have their cell bodies in the inferior ganglia of C.N. IX and X (petrosal & nodosal) and have their central connections with solitary tract and nucleus. Then the solitary nucleus projects to the hypothalamus and VPM. ...
Nervous System I
... histological slides at the bank to investigate brain-based diseases and injuries that affect many millions of people worldwide and also to better understand the functioning of the normal human brain. In the United States, several brain banks offer tissue sections from thousands of people who willed ...
... histological slides at the bank to investigate brain-based diseases and injuries that affect many millions of people worldwide and also to better understand the functioning of the normal human brain. In the United States, several brain banks offer tissue sections from thousands of people who willed ...
Field-theoretic approach to fluctuation effects in neural networks
... the treatment of fluctuations in the neural activity of neocortex. It is clear, however, that mean field models are inadequate 关1兴. Consistent with this fact, there is little detailed understanding of the role correlated activity plays in the brain, although such correlations have been associated wi ...
... the treatment of fluctuations in the neural activity of neocortex. It is clear, however, that mean field models are inadequate 关1兴. Consistent with this fact, there is little detailed understanding of the role correlated activity plays in the brain, although such correlations have been associated wi ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... animals at least 45 days old. Additional recordings were conducted in slices from younger animals to determine the age at which these interactions emerge. ...
... animals at least 45 days old. Additional recordings were conducted in slices from younger animals to determine the age at which these interactions emerge. ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... Functionally, ACh contributes to plasticity in V1 (Bear and Singer, 1986; Gu and Singer, 1993) for reviews see (Gu, 2003; Origlia et al., 2008) and is involved in the alteration of tuning properties and map organization in other areas of cortex (Conner et al., 2003; Froemke et al., 2007; Kilgard and ...
... Functionally, ACh contributes to plasticity in V1 (Bear and Singer, 1986; Gu and Singer, 1993) for reviews see (Gu, 2003; Origlia et al., 2008) and is involved in the alteration of tuning properties and map organization in other areas of cortex (Conner et al., 2003; Froemke et al., 2007; Kilgard and ...
The Nervous System
... Identify and discuss the two main parts of the nervous system. Explain how the nervous system functions as the central control system of the body. Identify factors that may lead to disorders of the nervous system. http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/21915392227 ...
... Identify and discuss the two main parts of the nervous system. Explain how the nervous system functions as the central control system of the body. Identify factors that may lead to disorders of the nervous system. http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/21915392227 ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... (A) Spatial arrangement of the reach task. The typical sequence in the reach paradigm was as follows: (1) Fixation + Cue phase (F+C): the animal placed his hand at the start position and fixated on a blue spot on the screen. The central target for the hand turned red immediately. (2) Reaction time 1 ...
... (A) Spatial arrangement of the reach task. The typical sequence in the reach paradigm was as follows: (1) Fixation + Cue phase (F+C): the animal placed his hand at the start position and fixated on a blue spot on the screen. The central target for the hand turned red immediately. (2) Reaction time 1 ...
PDF
... both synaptically released and exogenously applied, induced depolarization of neurons, and increased intracellular Ca2+ (van den Pol et al., 1996). Using gramicidin perforated-patch recordings, Nabekura et al. (2002), demonstrated that E GABA was more depolarized in axotomized than in intact neurons ...
... both synaptically released and exogenously applied, induced depolarization of neurons, and increased intracellular Ca2+ (van den Pol et al., 1996). Using gramicidin perforated-patch recordings, Nabekura et al. (2002), demonstrated that E GABA was more depolarized in axotomized than in intact neurons ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
University of Groningen Ascending projections from spinal
... brainstem to the PAG. Projections from the spinal cord to the PAG had been studied thoroughly, but projections from the brainstem to the PAG had not yet been studied in such detail. In order to be able to place the pathways of the ‘emotional sensory system’ in perspective with other ascending tracts ...
... brainstem to the PAG. Projections from the spinal cord to the PAG had been studied thoroughly, but projections from the brainstem to the PAG had not yet been studied in such detail. In order to be able to place the pathways of the ‘emotional sensory system’ in perspective with other ascending tracts ...
neural and chemical regulation of respiration
... However, if arterial po2 is less than 60mmhg, the breathing rate increases in a very steep and linear fashion. In this range of po2 pc are very sensitive to o2 and they respond so rapidly that the firing rate of the sensory neurons may change during a single breathing cycle INCREASE IN ARTERIAL PCO2 ...
... However, if arterial po2 is less than 60mmhg, the breathing rate increases in a very steep and linear fashion. In this range of po2 pc are very sensitive to o2 and they respond so rapidly that the firing rate of the sensory neurons may change during a single breathing cycle INCREASE IN ARTERIAL PCO2 ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Cerebellum receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction ...
... • Cerebellum receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction ...
Timing of Impulses From the Central Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of
... the stria terminalis (BNST) are thought to subserve distinct functions, with the former mediating rapid fear responses to discrete sensory cues and the latter longer “anxiety-like” states in response to diffuse environmental contingencies. However, these structures are reciprocally connected and the ...
... the stria terminalis (BNST) are thought to subserve distinct functions, with the former mediating rapid fear responses to discrete sensory cues and the latter longer “anxiety-like” states in response to diffuse environmental contingencies. However, these structures are reciprocally connected and the ...
The limbic system
... The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a key structure in the central control of male sexual behavior. Chemosensory efferents from the main and accessory olfactory systems project to the medial amygdala (MeA). MeA sends direct and indirect innervations (through the bed nucleus of the stria ...
... The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a key structure in the central control of male sexual behavior. Chemosensory efferents from the main and accessory olfactory systems project to the medial amygdala (MeA). MeA sends direct and indirect innervations (through the bed nucleus of the stria ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... unconditioned stimulus) capable of forcing the cell to respond in an appropriate manner, this strong input can then train other inputs by "example." In this manner, a neuron can select from a set of weak inputs those pertinent to the task at hand. Later, we suggest that this type of learning may occ ...
... unconditioned stimulus) capable of forcing the cell to respond in an appropriate manner, this strong input can then train other inputs by "example." In this manner, a neuron can select from a set of weak inputs those pertinent to the task at hand. Later, we suggest that this type of learning may occ ...
CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL AND TASTE _____ = Olfaction
... ______ of food is a composite of _____________ ________________. - when nose is congested by infection, food “tastes” different because the olfactory system is “blocked” In humans, the senses of taste and smell have lost important survival characteristics In many animal species, taste (especially of ...
... ______ of food is a composite of _____________ ________________. - when nose is congested by infection, food “tastes” different because the olfactory system is “blocked” In humans, the senses of taste and smell have lost important survival characteristics In many animal species, taste (especially of ...
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental
... Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli1,2. The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)3±5, which are activated by new stimuli or unpr ...
... Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli1,2. The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)3±5, which are activated by new stimuli or unpr ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.