The NERVOUS SYSTEM
... Thermoreceptors—sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (e.g., retina) Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) Nociceptors—sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory ...
... Thermoreceptors—sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (e.g., retina) Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) Nociceptors—sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory ...
Cerebellum - DENTISTRY 2012
... 1. Purkinje Cells - the only output neuron from the cortex utilizes GABA to inhibit neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei 2. Granule Cells- intrinsic cells of cerebellar cortex; use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter; excites Purkinje cells via axonal branches called “parallel fibers” 3. Basket Cell ...
... 1. Purkinje Cells - the only output neuron from the cortex utilizes GABA to inhibit neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei 2. Granule Cells- intrinsic cells of cerebellar cortex; use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter; excites Purkinje cells via axonal branches called “parallel fibers” 3. Basket Cell ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... sensory periphery in adult mammals including cats (Kalaska and Pomerantz 1979), raccoons (Rasmusson 1982; Rasmusson and Turnball 1983), rats (Wall and Cusick 1984), and monkeys (Merzenich et al. 1983). As in immature cat visual cortex, experience-dependent modifications of somatosensory cortex appea ...
... sensory periphery in adult mammals including cats (Kalaska and Pomerantz 1979), raccoons (Rasmusson 1982; Rasmusson and Turnball 1983), rats (Wall and Cusick 1984), and monkeys (Merzenich et al. 1983). As in immature cat visual cortex, experience-dependent modifications of somatosensory cortex appea ...
Teacher Guide
... Neurons are nerve cells that are composed of three major sections, as shown in Fig. 1: the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. These nerves cells transmit electrochemical signals to cells such as other neurons, muscles, and endocrine cells. This signal transmission is, for example, how the brain ...
... Neurons are nerve cells that are composed of three major sections, as shown in Fig. 1: the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. These nerves cells transmit electrochemical signals to cells such as other neurons, muscles, and endocrine cells. This signal transmission is, for example, how the brain ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... 48-hour, 4 days, and 1, 5, 8, and 12 weeks after the ischemic insult. Anesthetization was followed by intracardiac perfusion with diluted fixative (1% paraformaldehyde, 1.25% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 mol/L cacodylate buffer) for 5 minutes, followed by perfusion with concentrated fixative (4% paraformal ...
... 48-hour, 4 days, and 1, 5, 8, and 12 weeks after the ischemic insult. Anesthetization was followed by intracardiac perfusion with diluted fixative (1% paraformaldehyde, 1.25% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 mol/L cacodylate buffer) for 5 minutes, followed by perfusion with concentrated fixative (4% paraformal ...
Reduction III: Mechanistic Reduction
... On the mechanistic account, explanation of a given phenomenon requires identifying the parts and operations that interact to produce the phenomenon This requires discovering productive continuity between the operations of the different parts In many cases the entities identified by ruthless reductio ...
... On the mechanistic account, explanation of a given phenomenon requires identifying the parts and operations that interact to produce the phenomenon This requires discovering productive continuity between the operations of the different parts In many cases the entities identified by ruthless reductio ...
Lecture 26 revised 03/10 Upper Motor Control Last lecture we
... interestingly, medial and lateral interneurons of the spinal cord differ in their projection patternslateral interneurons project to a restricted number of segments where they synapse w/ lateral motor neurons (recall, these control distal muscles); medial interneurons can project to many or even all ...
... interestingly, medial and lateral interneurons of the spinal cord differ in their projection patternslateral interneurons project to a restricted number of segments where they synapse w/ lateral motor neurons (recall, these control distal muscles); medial interneurons can project to many or even all ...
Vibration Sensitivity and a Computational Theory for Prey
... SYNOPSIS. As burrowing, nocturnal predators of small arthropods, sand scorpions have evolved exquisite sensitivity to vibrational information that comes to them through the substrate they live on, dry sand. Over distances of a few decimeters, sand conducts low velocity (;50 m/sec) surface (Rayleigh) ...
... SYNOPSIS. As burrowing, nocturnal predators of small arthropods, sand scorpions have evolved exquisite sensitivity to vibrational information that comes to them through the substrate they live on, dry sand. Over distances of a few decimeters, sand conducts low velocity (;50 m/sec) surface (Rayleigh) ...
Neuroscience Course Learning Objectives
... 60. how glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter 61. how GABA acts as a neurotransmitter 62. the ion critical at inhibitory synapses 63. the meaning of ligand-gated ion channels 64. the meaning of spatial summation and temporal summation 65. post-tetanic potentiation 66. presynaptic inhibition 67. how b ...
... 60. how glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter 61. how GABA acts as a neurotransmitter 62. the ion critical at inhibitory synapses 63. the meaning of ligand-gated ion channels 64. the meaning of spatial summation and temporal summation 65. post-tetanic potentiation 66. presynaptic inhibition 67. how b ...
Neural Reflexes
... class. This is where there is only one interneuron between the sensory and motor neurons creating two synapses. Disynaptic re exes are common in inhibitory circuits that keep antagonist muscle groups from becoming active during a muscle contraction. The polysynaptic re ex shown in Figure 2 is more s ...
... class. This is where there is only one interneuron between the sensory and motor neurons creating two synapses. Disynaptic re exes are common in inhibitory circuits that keep antagonist muscle groups from becoming active during a muscle contraction. The polysynaptic re ex shown in Figure 2 is more s ...
A proposed common neural mechanism for categorization and
... holding the touch bar. In this way neural signals before the onset of the test stimulus were dissociated from the form of the report, because at those times the animals did not know yet whether they would release the touch bar. Moreover, both sample and test stimuli were placed in the same location ...
... holding the touch bar. In this way neural signals before the onset of the test stimulus were dissociated from the form of the report, because at those times the animals did not know yet whether they would release the touch bar. Moreover, both sample and test stimuli were placed in the same location ...
Neurotransmitters Role in Health 2008 PPT
... • Implicated in every type of behavior • Primary neurotransmitter in the gut • Synthesized from tryptophan via 5-HTP ...
... • Implicated in every type of behavior • Primary neurotransmitter in the gut • Synthesized from tryptophan via 5-HTP ...
Cortical region interactions and the functional role of apical
... The cerebral neocortex has a laminar structure which is conventionally classified into six layers. Distinct areas or regions of the cortical sheet can also be identified on the basis of anatomical and functional differences. Pyramidal cell bodies are found in all regions and in layers II, III, V, an ...
... The cerebral neocortex has a laminar structure which is conventionally classified into six layers. Distinct areas or regions of the cortical sheet can also be identified on the basis of anatomical and functional differences. Pyramidal cell bodies are found in all regions and in layers II, III, V, an ...
Vision
... blindness occurs when one or more types of cones are either totally absent, or has a limited spectral sensitivity. ...
... blindness occurs when one or more types of cones are either totally absent, or has a limited spectral sensitivity. ...
Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
... The purpose of this review is to consider several kinds of neural models that have been proposed to account for repetition suppression (RS). We focus primarily on studies using visually presented objects and their effects on the ventral object processing stream, to maximize overlap between monkey an ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... of thalamic cells mentioned to be important for induction of the waking state [38] and for a faithful transmission of information [21]. On the other hand, high-frequency groups of action potentials are shown to be more efficient in releasing transmitters and thus relaying signals across the synapse ...
... of thalamic cells mentioned to be important for induction of the waking state [38] and for a faithful transmission of information [21]. On the other hand, high-frequency groups of action potentials are shown to be more efficient in releasing transmitters and thus relaying signals across the synapse ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
... histological examination of the autonomic nervous system was made, according to the protocol routinely followed by the ‘‘Lino Rossi Research Center for the study and prevention of the unexpected perinatal death and SIDS” of the Milan University [27,28]. In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate- ...
... histological examination of the autonomic nervous system was made, according to the protocol routinely followed by the ‘‘Lino Rossi Research Center for the study and prevention of the unexpected perinatal death and SIDS” of the Milan University [27,28]. In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate- ...
A Computer Simulation of Olfactory Cortex with Functional
... Synaptic Properties and Modification Rules. In the model, each synaptic connection has an associated weight which determines the peak amplitude of the conductance change induced in the postsynaptic cell following presynaptic activity [2.0]. To study learning in the model, synaptic weights associated ...
... Synaptic Properties and Modification Rules. In the model, each synaptic connection has an associated weight which determines the peak amplitude of the conductance change induced in the postsynaptic cell following presynaptic activity [2.0]. To study learning in the model, synaptic weights associated ...
NERVOUS SYSTEM
... NERVOUS SYSTEM • NERVOUS SYSTEMS RECEIVE SENSORY INPUT, INTEPRET IT, AND SENT OUT APPROPRIATE COMMANDS – NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 3 INTERCONNECTED FUNCTIONS • SENSORY INPUT CONDUCTION OF SIGNALS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS TO INTEGRATION CENTERS • INTEGRATION INTERPRETATION OF THE SENSORY SIGNALS AND THE ...
... NERVOUS SYSTEM • NERVOUS SYSTEMS RECEIVE SENSORY INPUT, INTEPRET IT, AND SENT OUT APPROPRIATE COMMANDS – NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 3 INTERCONNECTED FUNCTIONS • SENSORY INPUT CONDUCTION OF SIGNALS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS TO INTEGRATION CENTERS • INTEGRATION INTERPRETATION OF THE SENSORY SIGNALS AND THE ...
BIOL241Neurophys11bJUL2012
... • Electrochemical equilibrium = The point at which an electrical charge balances out the chemical gradient (Note that neither chemical nor electrical equilibrium is required). • Equilibrium Potential for a given ion is the electrical charge that must develop in order to balance the opposite tenden ...
... • Electrochemical equilibrium = The point at which an electrical charge balances out the chemical gradient (Note that neither chemical nor electrical equilibrium is required). • Equilibrium Potential for a given ion is the electrical charge that must develop in order to balance the opposite tenden ...
Machine learning and the brain - Intelligent Autonomous Systems
... section only the regions and areas mentioned in this paper are considered. One property that distinguishes primate brains from brains of lower mammals is the relatively large frontal lobe. This region is located at the front of each hemisphere and contains most of the dopaminergic neurons. The dopam ...
... section only the regions and areas mentioned in this paper are considered. One property that distinguishes primate brains from brains of lower mammals is the relatively large frontal lobe. This region is located at the front of each hemisphere and contains most of the dopaminergic neurons. The dopam ...
Mircea Steriade
... sensory and motor systems have a descending effect on the upper brain stem reticular core, with the consequence that widespread cortical activation results from this cortico-brain stem feedback. Terzuolo worked in the Brussels laboratory a few years before me, and technicians in that lab told me tha ...
... sensory and motor systems have a descending effect on the upper brain stem reticular core, with the consequence that widespread cortical activation results from this cortico-brain stem feedback. Terzuolo worked in the Brussels laboratory a few years before me, and technicians in that lab told me tha ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.