do simultaneously presented visual and auditory
... information are presented simultaneously while watching TV, the consequences may not be serious. However, if we are exposed to multiple stimuli (information) in different modalities while attending important meetings, conferences, or classes, we might try to attend to both auditory and visual stimul ...
... information are presented simultaneously while watching TV, the consequences may not be serious. However, if we are exposed to multiple stimuli (information) in different modalities while attending important meetings, conferences, or classes, we might try to attend to both auditory and visual stimul ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... and peripheral support physiology are differentiable in terms of both valence and intensity. For example, happiness and fear are both high in arousal but differ in valence, whereas happiness and calmness are both positive in valence but differ in level of arousal. Early studies of brain mechanisms i ...
... and peripheral support physiology are differentiable in terms of both valence and intensity. For example, happiness and fear are both high in arousal but differ in valence, whereas happiness and calmness are both positive in valence but differ in level of arousal. Early studies of brain mechanisms i ...
Neural changes underlying the development of
... of ways, for example with tasks that require participants to recall associations between events and the context in which they occurred (DeMaster and Ghetti, in press; Lloyd et al., 2009; Piolino et al., 2007). For example, children may be required to memorize objects presented with backgrounds of va ...
... of ways, for example with tasks that require participants to recall associations between events and the context in which they occurred (DeMaster and Ghetti, in press; Lloyd et al., 2009; Piolino et al., 2007). For example, children may be required to memorize objects presented with backgrounds of va ...
Learning and Memory
... § To prevent rehearsal, they were given a distracter task during the waiting period. § When a cue was given, subjects tried to recall the letters. § Short-term memories vanish within twenty Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 ...
... § To prevent rehearsal, they were given a distracter task during the waiting period. § When a cue was given, subjects tried to recall the letters. § Short-term memories vanish within twenty Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 ...
Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of
... effects of stress hormones were time-dependent, their impact on retention decreasing as the interval between training and treatment increased. Moreover, systemic administration of β-adrenergic-receptor antagonists blocked the effects of emotional arousal on long-term declarative memory [d]. These re ...
... effects of stress hormones were time-dependent, their impact on retention decreasing as the interval between training and treatment increased. Moreover, systemic administration of β-adrenergic-receptor antagonists blocked the effects of emotional arousal on long-term declarative memory [d]. These re ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 46.1 Lateral viewof a human brain
... Visual stimulation did not activate the frontal or parietal cortex reliably when attention was directed elsewhere in the visual field. (B) When the subject directed attention to a peripheral target location and performed an object discrimination task, a distributed frontoparietal network was activat ...
... Visual stimulation did not activate the frontal or parietal cortex reliably when attention was directed elsewhere in the visual field. (B) When the subject directed attention to a peripheral target location and performed an object discrimination task, a distributed frontoparietal network was activat ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
to receive a reprint - Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences
... abilities. In fact, several studies have shown that individual differences in measures of word knowledge, or the quality of lexical representations, are also related to differences in comprehension ability (e.g., Perfetti 1985, 2007; Bell and Perfetti 1994). These findings are also consistent with th ...
... abilities. In fact, several studies have shown that individual differences in measures of word knowledge, or the quality of lexical representations, are also related to differences in comprehension ability (e.g., Perfetti 1985, 2007; Bell and Perfetti 1994). These findings are also consistent with th ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... Abstract. Synchronized firing is an efficient way for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to encode visual stimuli. In the present study, we studied synchronized activities among RGCs in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board flickering. The results showed that nearby RGCs tended to fir ...
... Abstract. Synchronized firing is an efficient way for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to encode visual stimuli. In the present study, we studied synchronized activities among RGCs in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board flickering. The results showed that nearby RGCs tended to fir ...
Neuropsychologia Hippocampal activation during episodic and
... by the participant, while varying only the source of the retrieved information. In one such study, Maguire and Mummery (1999) compared yes/no recognition for autobiographical events and public events and found hippocampal activation during both semantic and episodic retrieval, although the level of ...
... by the participant, while varying only the source of the retrieved information. In one such study, Maguire and Mummery (1999) compared yes/no recognition for autobiographical events and public events and found hippocampal activation during both semantic and episodic retrieval, although the level of ...
Top-down influence in early visual processing: a Bayesian perspective
... Traditional views of visual processing suggest that early visual neurons are static spatiotemporal filters that extract local features by feedforward computation. The extracted information is then fed forward through a chain of modules to successively higher visual areas for further analysis. Record ...
... Traditional views of visual processing suggest that early visual neurons are static spatiotemporal filters that extract local features by feedforward computation. The extracted information is then fed forward through a chain of modules to successively higher visual areas for further analysis. Record ...
A Neural Circuit Basis for Spatial Working Memory
... functions such as language, abstract thought, planning and most of the mental processes we associate with human intelligence. Working memory, as this critical function is known, can be thought of as a blackboard of the mind (Baddeley 1992). Because of its central role in cognitive function, working ...
... functions such as language, abstract thought, planning and most of the mental processes we associate with human intelligence. Working memory, as this critical function is known, can be thought of as a blackboard of the mind (Baddeley 1992). Because of its central role in cognitive function, working ...
How is the stimulus represented in the nervous system?
... The problem comes in estimating P(v) and P(n) which may be difficult to do meaningfully, especially for natural stimuli. Thus we often work on the forward problem, estimating the response given an arbitrary stimulus, and postpone the reverse problem. There is another problem: what is the appropriate ...
... The problem comes in estimating P(v) and P(n) which may be difficult to do meaningfully, especially for natural stimuli. Thus we often work on the forward problem, estimating the response given an arbitrary stimulus, and postpone the reverse problem. There is another problem: what is the appropriate ...
EN Sokolov`s Neural Model of Stimuli as Neuro
... Behavioral acts are realized through the orderly organization of the reflex arc, in which nerve cells perform the coding of signals. In the conceptual model of the reflex arc, E.N. Sokolov considered the principle of (stimulusresponse) encoding by channel number as a universal principle of the centr ...
... Behavioral acts are realized through the orderly organization of the reflex arc, in which nerve cells perform the coding of signals. In the conceptual model of the reflex arc, E.N. Sokolov considered the principle of (stimulusresponse) encoding by channel number as a universal principle of the centr ...
"Sleep and Memory". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... and registered as a memory trace – a process referred to as acquisition. Following acquisition, memories either undergo a process of consolidation (enhancement and/or stabilization for long-term storage) or are forgotten. Forgetting can be thought of as a process that acts in opposition to consolida ...
... and registered as a memory trace – a process referred to as acquisition. Following acquisition, memories either undergo a process of consolidation (enhancement and/or stabilization for long-term storage) or are forgotten. Forgetting can be thought of as a process that acts in opposition to consolida ...
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory Since H.M.
... memory. Fourth, H.M. appeared to have good access to facts and events from time periods remote to his surgery. This observation suggested that the medial temporal lobe cannot be the ultimate storage site for long-term memory. Permanent memory must be stored elsewhere, presumably in neocortex. In the ...
... memory. Fourth, H.M. appeared to have good access to facts and events from time periods remote to his surgery. This observation suggested that the medial temporal lobe cannot be the ultimate storage site for long-term memory. Permanent memory must be stored elsewhere, presumably in neocortex. In the ...
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory Since H.M.
... memory. Fourth, H.M. appeared to have good access to facts and events from time periods remote to his surgery. This observation suggested that the medial temporal lobe cannot be the ultimate storage site for long-term memory. Permanent memory must be stored elsewhere, presumably in neocortex. In the ...
... memory. Fourth, H.M. appeared to have good access to facts and events from time periods remote to his surgery. This observation suggested that the medial temporal lobe cannot be the ultimate storage site for long-term memory. Permanent memory must be stored elsewhere, presumably in neocortex. In the ...
... region is crucially involved in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of long-term memory traces for which working memory operations are essential2. Here we show that individual neurons from layer V of the entorhinal cortex—which link the hippocampus to extensive cortical regions3—respond to ...
Testing Promotes Long-Term Learning via Stabilizing Activation
... results were considered to be evidence that repeated testing reduces cognitive control demands during future episodic retrieval by making the cue-target link easier to process (Kuhl et al. 2007). Furthermore, as Karpicke (2012) pointed out, each time a person retrieves a piece of information from me ...
... results were considered to be evidence that repeated testing reduces cognitive control demands during future episodic retrieval by making the cue-target link easier to process (Kuhl et al. 2007). Furthermore, as Karpicke (2012) pointed out, each time a person retrieves a piece of information from me ...
A first-principle for the nervous system
... During associative learning of two stimuli, the inputs are expected to converge at certain locations to induce a specific change such that at a later time, the presence of one stimulus can reactivate this change for inducing the internal sensation of memory of the second stimulus (Fig.1a). The next ...
... During associative learning of two stimuli, the inputs are expected to converge at certain locations to induce a specific change such that at a later time, the presence of one stimulus can reactivate this change for inducing the internal sensation of memory of the second stimulus (Fig.1a). The next ...
Visual Memory and Visual Perception Recruit
... takes ten or more minutes) in which a series of items are sequentially presented and participants are instructed to remember each item. In addition to the delay imposed by the length of the encoding phase, there is usually an additional delay on the order of minutes (although this delay can last hou ...
... takes ten or more minutes) in which a series of items are sequentially presented and participants are instructed to remember each item. In addition to the delay imposed by the length of the encoding phase, there is usually an additional delay on the order of minutes (although this delay can last hou ...
When Is an Adolescent an Adult? - Waisman Laboratory for Brain
... All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz filter was applied to the raw SCR data. Data were smoothed for e ...
... All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz filter was applied to the raw SCR data. Data were smoothed for e ...
Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression
... these regions contributes to difficulty with disengagement from negative stimuli in individuals with depression, thereby lengthening the duration of exposure to depressive items26,27,30,31. One putative mechanism that contributes to impaired disengagement is deficient inhibition (that is, the inabil ...
... these regions contributes to difficulty with disengagement from negative stimuli in individuals with depression, thereby lengthening the duration of exposure to depressive items26,27,30,31. One putative mechanism that contributes to impaired disengagement is deficient inhibition (that is, the inabil ...
Priming on perceptual implicit memory tests can be achieved
... should behave similarly (Roediger, 1990; Roediger & Blaxton, 1987); therefore, if false recall is present on free recall, priming of these items should occur on a conceptual implicit memory test. However, Cramer (1965) reported a failed attempt to obtain conceptual priming under conditions similar t ...
... should behave similarly (Roediger, 1990; Roediger & Blaxton, 1987); therefore, if false recall is present on free recall, priming of these items should occur on a conceptual implicit memory test. However, Cramer (1965) reported a failed attempt to obtain conceptual priming under conditions similar t ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... spatial context in which emotional learning occurs. A ¢nal set of inputs comes from different parts of the prefrontal cortex (Rolls, 1995; Fuster, 1997). It is not obvious that these areas should be considered sensory since prefrontal cortex is involved in both sensory and motor functions (Fuster, 1 ...
... spatial context in which emotional learning occurs. A ¢nal set of inputs comes from different parts of the prefrontal cortex (Rolls, 1995; Fuster, 1997). It is not obvious that these areas should be considered sensory since prefrontal cortex is involved in both sensory and motor functions (Fuster, 1 ...