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Energy balance
Energy balance

... What happens when orexin receptors are removed in mice? ...
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog

... interconnections of these cells, and how those interconnections are affected by learning. To tackle that problem we needed to know how sensory information about a learning task reaches the hippocampus, and how information processed by the hippocampus influences behavioral output. This was a formidab ...
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via

... visual cortical activity when a retrieval cue concurrently elicits multiple visual memories. These studies revealed that pattern classifiers have difficulty discriminating whether a retrieval cue is eliciting a memory of a face or an object when both types of content are associated with it, even whe ...
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion

... effort to extinguish, or has truly gone out, such that one could be said to have truly “gotten over it.” Parallel examples abound, including in clinical contexts, where the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapies turns not just on ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184

... novel stimuli10, indicating that other mechanisms or brain regions might get involved after extensive training. Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never silent but fire spontaneously at rates of 1–10 Hz between different tri ...
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and

... and perform a concordant matching response after a delay of several seconds (delayed matching to sample task), some neurons fire at an enhanced level throughout the delay (Fig. 1, Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Fuster, 1995; Fuster & Alexander, 1971; Kojima & Goldman-Rakic, 1982; ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys

... Panzeri, 1995; Rolls et al., 1995a,b), a neural network approach (Hertz et al., 1992), and decoding methods (Kjaer et al., 1994). Here we present and employ a new method based on Monte Carlo integration of extracted probability distributions: The advantages of this approach are that it is simple and ...
The Three Amnesias - University of Florida College of Public Health
The Three Amnesias - University of Florida College of Public Health

... the medial temporal and diencephalic structures, while defects in remote semantic memory result more commonly from neocortical damage. Three patterns of remote memory impairment have been described in the literature. Temporally limited remote memory disturbance is an impairment that primarily involv ...
Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress
Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress

... worsen as severity of stress increases Proximity of individual to the epicentre of an earthquake predicted severity of PTSD symptoms (Pynoos et al 1993) Although argued that the relationship is complicated May not be linear e.g. if reach maximum severity, further exposure may not worsen the symptoms ...
Document
Document

... others are lost (Broadbent, 1958) higher processing stage ...
The Emergence of Selective Attention through - laral
The Emergence of Selective Attention through - laral

... the location of the target circle. By recording the state of directionally tuned cells in the premotor cortex the authors observed two simultaneous sustained signals corresponding to the two reaching options during the first phase. Moreover they observed how the neural activity associated with the t ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
Précis of The Brain and Emotion

... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab

... procedures, and habits that we acquire through experience. Because these memories are not so easily made explicit and are usually only evident in behavior, they are referred to as procedural or implicit memories. Finally, there are emotional memories for the positive and negative experiences in our ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a

... testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because the neutral visual stimulus is being associated with a visual stimulus with secondary reinforcing properties, the sight of food; and partly because with spaced trials, a h ...
James Robertson
James Robertson

...  Orx-2 KO and prepro-Orx KO mice = both have sleep attacks (NREM)  Orx-2 KO have less disrupted wakefulness  Only mildly affected by cataplexy, direct REM transitions ...
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging
Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging

... uses normally for memory processing and storage. In many cases, these representations appear to be distributed over large networks of cells and multiple brain areas (Tse et al. 2007; Goshen et al. 2011; Cowansage et al. 2014; Redondo et al. 2014). As computer scientists well appreciate, the manner i ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling

... hippocampus that stimulates stem cell neurogenesis into a condition in which it becomes possible to consolidate new memories (Mohapel et al., 2005). This is quite consistent with the long-known fact that BF acetylcholine destruction is linked to the loss of new memory consolidation in Alzheimer's. B ...
Levels of representation in habituation and classical conditioning
Levels of representation in habituation and classical conditioning

... stimulus-response theory is inadequate when called upon to explain the majority of results describable as classical conditioning. Stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning Pavlov’s own assumption about classical conditioning was that ‘the neutral stimulus readily acquires the property o ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling

... hippocampus that stimulates stem cell neurogenesis into a condition in which it becomes possible to consolidate new memories (Mohapel et al., 2005). This is quite consistent with the long-known fact that BF acetylcholine destruction is linked to the loss of new memory consolidation in Alzheimer's. B ...
Facial Expression Recognition, Fear Conditioning, and Startle
Facial Expression Recognition, Fear Conditioning, and Startle

... Results: Compared with control subjects, participants with CD showed impaired recognition of anger and disgust but no differences in facial identity recognition. Impaired sadness recognition was observed in CD participants high in psychopathic traits relative to those lower in psychopathic traits. P ...
Specific Visual Transfer in Word Identification
Specific Visual Transfer in Word Identification

... stored information about word shape or other visual details was used. Transfer experiments may also reveal effects that are more specific than those that can be revealed by modifying a text for use of on-line procedures. To expect an influence of stored word shape on identification when a word is fi ...
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Dopamine
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Dopamine

... – 2. Once the rats were able to do this, the researchers injected one group of rats with scopolamine, which blocks acetylcholine receptor sites decreasing available acetylcholine. – 3. Then the second group of rats was injected with physostigmine, which blocks the production of cholinesterase which ...
Full Text  - The British Journal of Psychiatry
Full Text - The British Journal of Psychiatry

... Previous studies in schizophrenia have shown a strong relationship between memory deficits and a poor clinical outcome. However, no previous study has identified the functional neural correlates of memory encoding in relation to remission. ...
REVIEW Time Course of Auditory Processing, Visual Processing
REVIEW Time Course of Auditory Processing, Visual Processing

... Recognition of an auditory stimulus is not immediate, it must somehow be stored; this is thought to occur in perceptual acoustic storage, often echoic memory. The impotance of the echoic memory stage is that it enables the listener to continue processing a signal no longer in physical existence. Bec ...
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control

... top-down attentional control, whereas subsequent selective modulation of sensory inputs reflects the result of this top-down control on sensory information processing. Studies in neurological patients and physiological studies in humans and animals implicate a network of cortical and subcortical reg ...
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Emotion and memory

Emotion can have a powerful impact on memory. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events.The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and error. Survival depended on behavioral patterns that were repeated or reinforced through life and death situations. Through evolution, this process of learning became genetically embedded in humans and all animal species in what is known as flight or fight instinct.Artificially inducing this instinct through traumatic physical or emotional stimuli essentially creates the same physiological condition that heightens memory retention by exciting neuro-chemical activity affecting areas of the brain responsible for encoding and recalling memory. This memory-enhancing effect of emotion has been demonstrated in a large number of laboratory studies, using stimuli ranging from words to pictures to narrated slide shows, as well as autobiographical memory studies. However, as described below, emotion does not always enhance memory.
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