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InterimSummary The Nature of Learning
InterimSummary The Nature of Learning

... For example, a somewhat more complex form of perceptual learning involves connections between different areas of the association cortex. When we hear the sound of a cat meowing in the dark, we can imagine what a cat looks like and what it would feel like if we stroked its fur. Thus, the neural circu ...
Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex
Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex

... The processing of visual information combines bottom-up sensory aspects with top-down influences, most notably attentional processes. Attentional influences have now been demonstrated throughout visual cortex, and their influence on the processing of visual information is profound. Neuronal response ...
PREFRONTAL AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INTERACTIONS IN
PREFRONTAL AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INTERACTIONS IN

... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
Development of emotional facial recognition in late
Development of emotional facial recognition in late

... ruled out the presence of a current and lifetime history of DSM-IV Axis I mental disorders. An abbreviated version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) provided an estimate of intelligence for the children and adolescents (Wechsler, 1974). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W ...
(2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in
(2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in

... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative

... the defining feature of this syndrome, then the duration of the delay between input and output stages during language repetition should be a critical variable. This is supported by a case study with a deep dysphasic patient who has partially recovered from his language impairment, but who shows agai ...
Ullman, 2004 - Brain and Language Lab
Ullman, 2004 - Brain and Language Lab

... be unique. Importantly, other cognitive domains are much better understood than language in a number of respects, including their neuroanatomy, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, development, and neural computation. This follows from the fact that most other domains have benefited from the develop ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
A multi-level account of selective attention

... all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he noted that about one-third of subjects detected their own name when it was inserted in the un ...
Blockade of Central Cholinergic Receptors Impairs New Learning and
Blockade of Central Cholinergic Receptors Impairs New Learning and

... span (Beatty et al., 1986; Drachman, 1978) are also spared. Recently, studies have shown that scopolamine may impact recognition memory processes by affecting both recollection and familiarity (Mintzer & Griffiths, 2001, 2003; Sherman, Atri, Hasselmo, Stern, & Howard, 2003). These studies suggest th ...
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory

... Aversive olfactory memory is formed in the mushroom bodies in Drosophila melanogaster. Memory retrieval requires mushroom body output, but the manner in which a memory trace in the mushroom body drives conditioned avoidance of a learned odor remains unknown. To identify neurons that are involved in ...
Blockade of Central Cholinergic Receptors Impairs New Learning
Blockade of Central Cholinergic Receptors Impairs New Learning

... span (Beatty et al., 1986; Drachman, 1978) are also spared. Recently, studies have shown that scopolamine may impact recognition memory processes by affecting both recollection and familiarity (Mintzer & Griffiths, 2001, 2003; Sherman, Atri, Hasselmo, Stern, & Howard, 2003). These studies suggest th ...
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on

... This work has been conducted in two cultural (including linguistic) milieus; namely, England and Venezuela. A primary aim of the current paper is to extend this research further culturally by reporting an additional study, conducted in Wales, in order to examine the generalizability of the underlyin ...
Social stimulation and corticolimbic reactivity in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a preliminary study
Social stimulation and corticolimbic reactivity in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a preliminary study

... perceived social threat might be crucial for the development of the disorder, it is conceivable that enhanced amygdala reactivity is elicited mainly by socially relevant stimuli. Emotional words and general emotional stimuli [16,17] might not tap into PMDD symptomatology, and therefore not increase ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During

... Data, supporting the suggestion that auditory information processing continued while persons were asleep, were also obtained by Kállai, Harsh, & Voss (2003). These authors found attention enhancing mechanisms in sleep. The large amplitude N350 component, regarded as an obvious and reliable indicator ...
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE

... findings was obtained by Soltysik, who has shown that the "indirect" connections of Wyrwicka were mediated by the drive or emotional tenter - fear center in defensive reflexes and hunger center in alimentary reflexes (Fig. 4, right). My present concept concerning instrumental conditioning is basical ...
ARTICLE  IN  PRESS Neural Networks entorhinal cortex
ARTICLE IN PRESS Neural Networks entorhinal cortex

... & Erdi, 2003; O’Keefe & Recce, 1993). As an alternative, persistent spiking of different individual neurons with the same baseline frequency could allow maintenance of separate phases (Hasselmo, 2008a), or the oscillation encoding the memory could also arise from network dynamics within a population ...
Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long
Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long

... activation of multiple regions of the brain, rather than localized activity in a specific region. In order to visualize networks of brain regions activated by recall of a fear memory in mice, we quantified expression of an activityregulated gene (c-fos) that is induced by neural activity. This allow ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

... Neuronal interactions are an intricate part of cortical information processing generating internal representations of the environment beyond simple one-to-one mappings of the input parameter space. Here we examined functional ranges of interaction processes within ensembles of neurons in cat primary ...
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers

... hallucinogenic drug (ergot) also known as acid THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations ...
Higher-Order Functions
Higher-Order Functions

... diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval. Damage to this nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function. ...
ManuscriptPTA_R1_FINAL - Spiral
ManuscriptPTA_R1_FINAL - Spiral

... within the Default Mode Network can be assessed using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can be acquired in confused patients unable to perform tasks in the scanner. Here we used this approach to test the hypothesis that the mnemonic symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia are cau ...
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human

... given moment we could either lay down a distinctive memory trace to allow for subsequent retrieval, or we could retrieve memories that are related to the familiar components of an unfolding event. This conflict leads to certain crucial questions about the human memory system: Are we able to simultan ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric

... response sets, their Euclidean distance is equal to 1, which is less than the maximum distance. This means that none of the distances that can be associated with a scalar product are useful as a measure of subjective dissimilarity. 3 Choosing a Subjective Distance There are still many distances fulf ...
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in

... large as to the optimal non-face stimulus, and that this difference should be significant. (In fact, the majority of the neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal suleus classified as showing responses selective for faces responded much more specifically than this. Further information on and di ...
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior

... Selection deficits caused by SC inactivation in monkeys and improved peak discrimination by switch-like responses in the OT of owls. (a) Effect of focal SC inactivation on behavioral performance by monkeys in a contrast, oddball task. The task was the same as described in Figure 2a, except that the ...
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Emotion and memory

Emotion can have a powerful impact on memory. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events.The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and error. Survival depended on behavioral patterns that were repeated or reinforced through life and death situations. Through evolution, this process of learning became genetically embedded in humans and all animal species in what is known as flight or fight instinct.Artificially inducing this instinct through traumatic physical or emotional stimuli essentially creates the same physiological condition that heightens memory retention by exciting neuro-chemical activity affecting areas of the brain responsible for encoding and recalling memory. This memory-enhancing effect of emotion has been demonstrated in a large number of laboratory studies, using stimuli ranging from words to pictures to narrated slide shows, as well as autobiographical memory studies. However, as described below, emotion does not always enhance memory.
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