lecture notes
... produce products. maltase that converts maltose to glucose • Be regulated from a state of low activity to high activity and vice versa. e.g. some enzyme activity is inhibited by the product. • Be versatile: More than 3000 enzymes are identified ...
... produce products. maltase that converts maltose to glucose • Be regulated from a state of low activity to high activity and vice versa. e.g. some enzyme activity is inhibited by the product. • Be versatile: More than 3000 enzymes are identified ...
Nutrient Sensing through the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
... are marked for degradation in the proteasome (V. Brachet, unpublished work) by their ubiquitination, catalysed by the SCFGrr1 ubiquitin-protein ligase [19]. Proteins must be phosphorylated to be substrates of this enzyme [28], and for Mth1 and Std1 this is achieved by YckI, encoded by YCK1 and YCK2. ...
... are marked for degradation in the proteasome (V. Brachet, unpublished work) by their ubiquitination, catalysed by the SCFGrr1 ubiquitin-protein ligase [19]. Proteins must be phosphorylated to be substrates of this enzyme [28], and for Mth1 and Std1 this is achieved by YckI, encoded by YCK1 and YCK2. ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General
... into fatty acids and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver e. In the brain most of the cells are permeable to glucose and can use glucose without the intermediation of insulin ...
... into fatty acids and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver e. In the brain most of the cells are permeable to glucose and can use glucose without the intermediation of insulin ...
Link - Semantic Scholar
... Inhibition of AnkB-dependent proteasomal degradation blocks Legionella growth within the PCV, and this growth defect is totally bypassed upon supplementation of cysteine (Cys), serine (Ser), alanine (Ala), pyruvate, or citrate, all of which feed the TCA cycle [17]. Importantly, diverse sources of nu ...
... Inhibition of AnkB-dependent proteasomal degradation blocks Legionella growth within the PCV, and this growth defect is totally bypassed upon supplementation of cysteine (Cys), serine (Ser), alanine (Ala), pyruvate, or citrate, all of which feed the TCA cycle [17]. Importantly, diverse sources of nu ...
12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.2.2 Enzyme
... 12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.3.3 Catabolite repression in G(+) bacteria with a low G+C content The cAMP-CRP complex is not known in G(+) bacteria which have a different CCR. In PTS system of G(+) bacteria, HPr has a second phosphorylation site at serine-46 in addition to his ...
... 12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.3.3 Catabolite repression in G(+) bacteria with a low G+C content The cAMP-CRP complex is not known in G(+) bacteria which have a different CCR. In PTS system of G(+) bacteria, HPr has a second phosphorylation site at serine-46 in addition to his ...
2. - Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research
... where he continued his work on glutamate, urea and uric acid metabolism, but worked intermittently on the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates. Albert Szent-Gy6rgyi had established the role of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids on tissue respiration by 1935 and, in early 1937, Carl Martius and Franz Kn ...
... where he continued his work on glutamate, urea and uric acid metabolism, but worked intermittently on the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates. Albert Szent-Gy6rgyi had established the role of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids on tissue respiration by 1935 and, in early 1937, Carl Martius and Franz Kn ...
supplementary text 1
... Abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathways Past research has focused on two possible routes to ABA: (i) a ‘direct’ pathway from farnesyl pyrophosphate (fungal route) (Siewers et al. 2006), and (ii) an ‘indirect’ pathway via cleavage of a carotenoid precursor (higher plant route) (Nambara et al. 2005) ...
... Abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathways Past research has focused on two possible routes to ABA: (i) a ‘direct’ pathway from farnesyl pyrophosphate (fungal route) (Siewers et al. 2006), and (ii) an ‘indirect’ pathway via cleavage of a carotenoid precursor (higher plant route) (Nambara et al. 2005) ...
Exam II ReviewQuestions
... 2. Both myoglobin and hemoglobin function as oxygen binding proteins. Compare and contrast these two proteins on each of the following levels: a. Structural: ...
... 2. Both myoglobin and hemoglobin function as oxygen binding proteins. Compare and contrast these two proteins on each of the following levels: a. Structural: ...
Metabolism of amino acid
... acids which are excreted in the urine. There is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. ...
... acids which are excreted in the urine. There is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. ...
Enzymes
... hexokinase type IV; hexokinase (phosphorylating); ATP-dependent hexokinase; glucose ATP phosphotransferase ...
... hexokinase type IV; hexokinase (phosphorylating); ATP-dependent hexokinase; glucose ATP phosphotransferase ...
Biomolecules
... Amino acids are usually colourless, crystalline solids. These are water-soluble, high melting solids and behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. This behaviour is due to the presence of both acidic (carboxyl group) and basic (amino group) groups in the same molecule. In aqu ...
... Amino acids are usually colourless, crystalline solids. These are water-soluble, high melting solids and behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. This behaviour is due to the presence of both acidic (carboxyl group) and basic (amino group) groups in the same molecule. In aqu ...
A1988L783100001
... The paper also defined the two main pathways for the inactivation of ABA: it is either oxidised and then isomerised to phaseic acid or else it is conjugated with glucose to form a glucose ester. In addition, the article highlighted the importance of taking the two mirror-image forms of the synthetic ...
... The paper also defined the two main pathways for the inactivation of ABA: it is either oxidised and then isomerised to phaseic acid or else it is conjugated with glucose to form a glucose ester. In addition, the article highlighted the importance of taking the two mirror-image forms of the synthetic ...
Biochemistry
... resynthesized – Location of protein degradation • Proteins from diet are hydrolyzed in the digestive tract • Proteins within each cell are broken down within that cell in a proteasome ...
... resynthesized – Location of protein degradation • Proteins from diet are hydrolyzed in the digestive tract • Proteins within each cell are broken down within that cell in a proteasome ...
The main theoretical questions
... This theme introduces the aromatic heterocyclic purine and pyrimidine and their major derivatives, the nucleosides and nucleotides, which supply the monomer units or building blocks of nucleic acids and serve additional diverse functions essential for life and health. Major biochemical functions of ...
... This theme introduces the aromatic heterocyclic purine and pyrimidine and their major derivatives, the nucleosides and nucleotides, which supply the monomer units or building blocks of nucleic acids and serve additional diverse functions essential for life and health. Major biochemical functions of ...
BioChem pg 635 to 641 ch 34 [4-20
... A. Conversion of cholesterol to Cholic Acid and Chenocholic Acid Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol Rxns hydroxylate the steroid nucleus and cleave side chain In the first and rate-limiting reaction ...
... A. Conversion of cholesterol to Cholic Acid and Chenocholic Acid Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol Rxns hydroxylate the steroid nucleus and cleave side chain In the first and rate-limiting reaction ...
Slide 1
... • these plants produce less sugar at this point due to declining levels of CO2 in the leaf (starves the Calvin cycle) • instead, rubisco can bind O2 in place of CO2 – results in a two carbon compound that exits the chloroplast • the peroxisomes and mitochondria rearrange this 2 carbon compound to re ...
... • these plants produce less sugar at this point due to declining levels of CO2 in the leaf (starves the Calvin cycle) • instead, rubisco can bind O2 in place of CO2 – results in a two carbon compound that exits the chloroplast • the peroxisomes and mitochondria rearrange this 2 carbon compound to re ...
Working With Enzymes - Southern Biological
... However, this can be misleading because enzymes are proteins that can vary in structure and the way they fulfill their catalytic purpose. For example, amylase is often described as an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. However, there are at least three different types of amylase in the huma ...
... However, this can be misleading because enzymes are proteins that can vary in structure and the way they fulfill their catalytic purpose. For example, amylase is often described as an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. However, there are at least three different types of amylase in the huma ...
1 - Free
... 2. write the name and structure of the CO2-acceptor substance of plants. 3. in which intracellular compartment is channelling the best established? What is the advantage of supramolecular organization of enzymes over the free diffusion mechanism? 4. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. Wha ...
... 2. write the name and structure of the CO2-acceptor substance of plants. 3. in which intracellular compartment is channelling the best established? What is the advantage of supramolecular organization of enzymes over the free diffusion mechanism? 4. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. Wha ...
Carbohydrate Synthesis 1. Photosynthesis
... pulling electrons out of water and generating molecular oxygen. The series of electron transfer reactions linking P680* and P700 are similar in concept to the series of oxidation-reduction reactions that make up the Electron Transport Chain in the membranes of mitochondria and bacteria. The similari ...
... pulling electrons out of water and generating molecular oxygen. The series of electron transfer reactions linking P680* and P700 are similar in concept to the series of oxidation-reduction reactions that make up the Electron Transport Chain in the membranes of mitochondria and bacteria. The similari ...
Paper 1
... ATP concentration in cells is generally maintained above 1 mM (71) with a high ATP/ADP.Pi ratio (72), so that there is sufficient free energy available to drive endergonic reactions. There are limits to the maintenance of these levels, below which different aspects of the cell functions cease, event ...
... ATP concentration in cells is generally maintained above 1 mM (71) with a high ATP/ADP.Pi ratio (72), so that there is sufficient free energy available to drive endergonic reactions. There are limits to the maintenance of these levels, below which different aspects of the cell functions cease, event ...
Modelling of Protein Breakdown During Critical Illness
... Substrate(carbohydrate, fat) −−−−−−→ CO2 + H2 O + energy ...
... Substrate(carbohydrate, fat) −−−−−−→ CO2 + H2 O + energy ...
a new equation for calculating the number of atp molecules
... Fatty acids are a sub-class of the lipid macronutrient class. One of the fatty acids major roles is energy production by supplying ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Fatty acids class is considered the highest energy carrier compared to other macronutrient classes such as proteins and carbohydrates. Fatt ...
... Fatty acids are a sub-class of the lipid macronutrient class. One of the fatty acids major roles is energy production by supplying ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Fatty acids class is considered the highest energy carrier compared to other macronutrient classes such as proteins and carbohydrates. Fatt ...
Systems Metabolic Engineering Systems Metabolic
... • Remove competing pathways (gene KO)- time consuming, only applicable to non-essential gene ...
... • Remove competing pathways (gene KO)- time consuming, only applicable to non-essential gene ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑