Document
... rearrangement of the atoms of a molecule is required to create an isomer of the starting compound. Enzymes generally catalyzing the rearrangement of the bond structure are called isomerases, while those specifically catalyzing the movement of a phosphate from one group to another are known as mutase ...
... rearrangement of the atoms of a molecule is required to create an isomer of the starting compound. Enzymes generally catalyzing the rearrangement of the bond structure are called isomerases, while those specifically catalyzing the movement of a phosphate from one group to another are known as mutase ...
Lipid metabolism
... usually occurs after half to 3 hours and return to normal in 5 to 6 hrs. When the lipids (TAG) are present in high concentration in blood after fatty meal, the plasma become turbid. This turbidity disappears by the action of lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyze TAG into fatty acids and glycerol. The ...
... usually occurs after half to 3 hours and return to normal in 5 to 6 hrs. When the lipids (TAG) are present in high concentration in blood after fatty meal, the plasma become turbid. This turbidity disappears by the action of lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyze TAG into fatty acids and glycerol. The ...
Diabetes? - H and N Herbs
... reduction in glucose absorption among both diabetics and the non-diabetics. When the sugar solution was taken simultaneously with the American ginseng, the diabetics still experienced a reduction, whereas the non-diabetics did not.6 ...
... reduction in glucose absorption among both diabetics and the non-diabetics. When the sugar solution was taken simultaneously with the American ginseng, the diabetics still experienced a reduction, whereas the non-diabetics did not.6 ...
do not - wwphs
... How do enzymes work? 1) Enzymes act upon a substance called a substrate 2) The enzyme has an indent in it called the active site where the substrate can fit into, kind of like a lock and a key ...
... How do enzymes work? 1) Enzymes act upon a substance called a substrate 2) The enzyme has an indent in it called the active site where the substrate can fit into, kind of like a lock and a key ...
Role of N-terminal protein formylation in central metabolic processes
... and other carbon sources slower than the wild type. While the turnover of several metabolites remained unaltered fmt inactivation led to increases pyruvate release and, concomitantly, reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. In parallel, the release of the pyruvate-derived metabolites lactate, aceto ...
... and other carbon sources slower than the wild type. While the turnover of several metabolites remained unaltered fmt inactivation led to increases pyruvate release and, concomitantly, reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. In parallel, the release of the pyruvate-derived metabolites lactate, aceto ...
factors_effecting_en..
... concentration is called vmax, and the substrate concentration that give a rate of half vmax is called KM. These quantities are useful for characterising an enzyme. A good enzyme has a high vmax and a low KM. ...
... concentration is called vmax, and the substrate concentration that give a rate of half vmax is called KM. These quantities are useful for characterising an enzyme. A good enzyme has a high vmax and a low KM. ...
Metabolic modeling of muscle metabolism identifies key reactions
... (T2D), lipid disorders, some cancers, and other components of the metabolic syndrome. IR contributes to the pathophysiology of each of these increasingly prevalent disorders, being present years before disease onset and predicting disease development decades later [1,2]. Although IR occurs in many t ...
... (T2D), lipid disorders, some cancers, and other components of the metabolic syndrome. IR contributes to the pathophysiology of each of these increasingly prevalent disorders, being present years before disease onset and predicting disease development decades later [1,2]. Although IR occurs in many t ...
+ E A.
... The ammonia is excreted and the pyruvate is used to produce glucose, which is returned to the muscle. ...
... The ammonia is excreted and the pyruvate is used to produce glucose, which is returned to the muscle. ...
Flux-balance Analysis - Systems Biology Research Group
... on the contribution of the two substrates to the overall objective function: In regions where the α value is negative, there is dual limitation of the substrates. Based on the absolute value of α , the substrate with a greater contribution toward obtaining the objective (here considered to be biomas ...
... on the contribution of the two substrates to the overall objective function: In regions where the α value is negative, there is dual limitation of the substrates. Based on the absolute value of α , the substrate with a greater contribution toward obtaining the objective (here considered to be biomas ...
Bow ties, metabolism and disease
... with predictable fragilities that can be used to understand disease pathogenesis. The aims of this article are to describe the features of one common organizational architecture in biology, the bow tie. Large-scale organizational frameworks such as the bow tie are necessary starting points for highe ...
... with predictable fragilities that can be used to understand disease pathogenesis. The aims of this article are to describe the features of one common organizational architecture in biology, the bow tie. Large-scale organizational frameworks such as the bow tie are necessary starting points for highe ...
chemical structure of purine and pyrimidin nitrogen bases
... different ligands. Extremely high affinity of Hb to carbon oxide (II)-CO approximately 300 times is high, that to oxygen (O2); it gives evidence of high toxicity of carbon monoxide. This form is called carboxyhemoglobin, Fe+2 does not change it valence. Under the action of oxidizers (for example sod ...
... different ligands. Extremely high affinity of Hb to carbon oxide (II)-CO approximately 300 times is high, that to oxygen (O2); it gives evidence of high toxicity of carbon monoxide. This form is called carboxyhemoglobin, Fe+2 does not change it valence. Under the action of oxidizers (for example sod ...
Ketone bodies
... energy from ketone bodies.[4] After about 4 days, this goes up to 70% (during the initial stages the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain). ...
... energy from ketone bodies.[4] After about 4 days, this goes up to 70% (during the initial stages the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain). ...
Bean Brew - Science Case Network
... 1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biologyrelated topics or issues in the case. Biology-related topics or issues: biotechnology and new strains of fungi ...
... 1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biologyrelated topics or issues in the case. Biology-related topics or issues: biotechnology and new strains of fungi ...
From CO2 to cell: energetic expense of creating biomass using the
... while the vent epsilonproteobacteria use the rCAC (Fig. 1; Felbeck 1981; Hügler et al. 2005; Takai et al. 2005; Scott et al. 2006). The enzymes of the CBB cycle are oxygen-tolerant, but oxygen is a competitive substrate with CO2 for RubisCO and results in a wasteful oxygenase reaction. Aerobic cell ...
... while the vent epsilonproteobacteria use the rCAC (Fig. 1; Felbeck 1981; Hügler et al. 2005; Takai et al. 2005; Scott et al. 2006). The enzymes of the CBB cycle are oxygen-tolerant, but oxygen is a competitive substrate with CO2 for RubisCO and results in a wasteful oxygenase reaction. Aerobic cell ...
Development of a novel analytical approach combining the quantification of
... pyruvic. Simultaneously, we take advantage of mass spectrometry and NMR as complementary techniques to LC. In that respect, due to the complexity of isolation of interferences such as hyaluronic acid (HA, an anionic, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan) present in the culture media, glucose required the ...
... pyruvic. Simultaneously, we take advantage of mass spectrometry and NMR as complementary techniques to LC. In that respect, due to the complexity of isolation of interferences such as hyaluronic acid (HA, an anionic, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan) present in the culture media, glucose required the ...
poster PDF
... used insulin purified from pig or beef cattle pancreas, each of which differs from human insulin by one amino acid. ...
... used insulin purified from pig or beef cattle pancreas, each of which differs from human insulin by one amino acid. ...
FORMATION OF AMMONIA
... transferred to the NH2 group of ornithine by ornithin transcarbamoylase (OTC) and produce citrulline The citrulline leaves the mitochondria and further reactions are taking place in cytoplasm. Citrulline is neither present in tissue proteins nor in blood; but it is present in milk. Step 3. Formation ...
... transferred to the NH2 group of ornithine by ornithin transcarbamoylase (OTC) and produce citrulline The citrulline leaves the mitochondria and further reactions are taking place in cytoplasm. Citrulline is neither present in tissue proteins nor in blood; but it is present in milk. Step 3. Formation ...
chapt06b_lecture
... similar ligands. In this model, the first ligand is assumed to induce conformational changes that are transmitted sequentially to other protomers in the enzyme. Neither model above fully explains all allosteric enzyme activity. 6P2-29 ...
... similar ligands. In this model, the first ligand is assumed to induce conformational changes that are transmitted sequentially to other protomers in the enzyme. Neither model above fully explains all allosteric enzyme activity. 6P2-29 ...
Pyruvate Kinase - Wiley Online Library
... Kinetic studies of the pyruvate kinases of rat and human tissues have led t o the identification of three classes of isoenzymes with qualitative differences in regulatory properties. Class L, the major component in liver extracts and a minor component of kidney extracts, shows markedly sigmoidal kin ...
... Kinetic studies of the pyruvate kinases of rat and human tissues have led t o the identification of three classes of isoenzymes with qualitative differences in regulatory properties. Class L, the major component in liver extracts and a minor component of kidney extracts, shows markedly sigmoidal kin ...
as Powerpoint presentation
... synthesis of ATP. They do not inhibit any of the ETC components or the ATP synthase. These agents have the same effect as each other but have no chemical similarities. The way they work is only understandable in terms of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis. ...
... synthesis of ATP. They do not inhibit any of the ETC components or the ATP synthase. These agents have the same effect as each other but have no chemical similarities. The way they work is only understandable in terms of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis. ...
Macromolecules of Life – Lecture 1
... f. Guard Cells g. Vein i. Xylem ii. Phloem h. Chloroplasts i. Chlorophyll ...
... f. Guard Cells g. Vein i. Xylem ii. Phloem h. Chloroplasts i. Chlorophyll ...
A2 Biology Revision Tips
... • Same point as above, but worth emphasising that little heat is generated, which would be a big problem for cells. • ATP is regenerated, therefore it doesn’t need to be stored and you don’t need much of it! • ATP is soluble • ATP is small and can pass in / out of cells easily • You can generate ATP ...
... • Same point as above, but worth emphasising that little heat is generated, which would be a big problem for cells. • ATP is regenerated, therefore it doesn’t need to be stored and you don’t need much of it! • ATP is soluble • ATP is small and can pass in / out of cells easily • You can generate ATP ...
PDF
... (Cox & Gunberg, 1972). The basic incubation media consisted of a KrebsRinger bicarbonate solution. Inhibitors and substrates, when indicated below, were added to the incubation medium in isosmotic concentrations. Gas mixtures for oxygenated conditions included 65 % O2, 35 % N 2 , 5 % CO2 and for ana ...
... (Cox & Gunberg, 1972). The basic incubation media consisted of a KrebsRinger bicarbonate solution. Inhibitors and substrates, when indicated below, were added to the incubation medium in isosmotic concentrations. Gas mixtures for oxygenated conditions included 65 % O2, 35 % N 2 , 5 % CO2 and for ana ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑