26_Catabolism of tryacylglycerols oxidation of fatty acids a
... Storage and Mobilization of Fatty Acids (FA) • TGs are delivered to adipose tissue in the form of chylomicrones and VLDL, hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes. • Then fatty acids are reesterified to TGs. • TGs are stored in adipocytes. • T ...
... Storage and Mobilization of Fatty Acids (FA) • TGs are delivered to adipose tissue in the form of chylomicrones and VLDL, hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes. • Then fatty acids are reesterified to TGs. • TGs are stored in adipocytes. • T ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercise or ischemia, glucose and other carbohydrates become important cardiac fuels.3,4 Additionally, mobilization of the heart’s limited buffer stores (phosphocreatine, triacylglyceride, and glycogen) help to maintain ATP production fo ...
... eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercise or ischemia, glucose and other carbohydrates become important cardiac fuels.3,4 Additionally, mobilization of the heart’s limited buffer stores (phosphocreatine, triacylglyceride, and glycogen) help to maintain ATP production fo ...
Supplementary Materials Metabolic Flux Determination in Perfused
... The liver metabolic network involving all possible major liver-specific pathways such as gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, glycogen metabolism and amino acid metabolism is given in Table SI. For more detailed explanations about the ...
... The liver metabolic network involving all possible major liver-specific pathways such as gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, glycogen metabolism and amino acid metabolism is given in Table SI. For more detailed explanations about the ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercise or ischemia, glucose and other carbohydrates become important cardiac fuels.3,4 Additionally, mobilization of the heart’s limited buffer stores (phosphocreatine, triacylglyceride, and glycogen) help to maintain ATP production fo ...
... eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercise or ischemia, glucose and other carbohydrates become important cardiac fuels.3,4 Additionally, mobilization of the heart’s limited buffer stores (phosphocreatine, triacylglyceride, and glycogen) help to maintain ATP production fo ...
103 Lecture Ch21a
... glucose and fructose can be written as follows: E + S ES E + P1 + P2 where E = sucrase, S = sucrose, P1 = glucose and P2 = fructose ...
... glucose and fructose can be written as follows: E + S ES E + P1 + P2 where E = sucrase, S = sucrose, P1 = glucose and P2 = fructose ...
Past Exam Questions - Intermediate School Biology
... 71. Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen and give one industrial application of this process. Equation: Glucose Energy + Ethanol + Carbon dioxide Application: – Brewing 72. When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one m ...
... 71. Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen and give one industrial application of this process. Equation: Glucose Energy + Ethanol + Carbon dioxide Application: – Brewing 72. When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one m ...
Enzymes
... proteins). 4- Lyases. The lyase class of enzymes consists of a diverse group of enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, and C-N bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Some of the enzymes catalyzing C-C bond cleavage are called *aldolases, *decarboxylases (when carbon dioxide is released from a substr ...
... proteins). 4- Lyases. The lyase class of enzymes consists of a diverse group of enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, and C-N bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Some of the enzymes catalyzing C-C bond cleavage are called *aldolases, *decarboxylases (when carbon dioxide is released from a substr ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... chloroplasts are precursors of branched-chain amino acid synthesis via hydroxyethyl-TPP [7], The CoASH-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase test, used in the present report, is suggested to yield stoichiometric amounts of N A D H and acetyl-CoA. A second mole of N A D H should be generated by reacting t ...
... chloroplasts are precursors of branched-chain amino acid synthesis via hydroxyethyl-TPP [7], The CoASH-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase test, used in the present report, is suggested to yield stoichiometric amounts of N A D H and acetyl-CoA. A second mole of N A D H should be generated by reacting t ...
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
... multiple reactions that involve the removal of three methyl groups, hydrogenation of the double bond in the side-chain, and a shift of the double bond from position 8,9 to 5,6 in ring B. ...
... multiple reactions that involve the removal of three methyl groups, hydrogenation of the double bond in the side-chain, and a shift of the double bond from position 8,9 to 5,6 in ring B. ...
Probing the Performance Limits of the Escherichia
... coli from a metabolic database encompassing many genes from multiple species. The resulting pathways need not lie directly on main production pathways, as they may enhance production indirectly by either redirecting metabolic fluxes into the production pathways or by increasing the energy efficiency ...
... coli from a metabolic database encompassing many genes from multiple species. The resulting pathways need not lie directly on main production pathways, as they may enhance production indirectly by either redirecting metabolic fluxes into the production pathways or by increasing the energy efficiency ...
respiration - A-level Biology Tutor
... stem of the question. In (d) (iii) very few knew that the electron carrier system involving NAD has three pumps whereas that involving FAD has two pumps. This comment originally referred to question 6 on paper 1074/01 (24/01/2011) ...
... stem of the question. In (d) (iii) very few knew that the electron carrier system involving NAD has three pumps whereas that involving FAD has two pumps. This comment originally referred to question 6 on paper 1074/01 (24/01/2011) ...
Metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli cultivated under anaerobic
... and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants. However, as compared to the parent strain, the lactate production rate in the ppc mutant is significant ...
... and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants. However, as compared to the parent strain, the lactate production rate in the ppc mutant is significant ...
part the second - Астраханский Государственный Медицинский
... At what concentration of glucose in blood does glucosuria appear? What character of a "sugar" curve do a healthy man and a patient with diabetes have? III.3. Home assignment. 1. Which of the inactivated phosphorilases (liver or muscle) does not cause low blood glucose level? Why? Choose the correct ...
... At what concentration of glucose in blood does glucosuria appear? What character of a "sugar" curve do a healthy man and a patient with diabetes have? III.3. Home assignment. 1. Which of the inactivated phosphorilases (liver or muscle) does not cause low blood glucose level? Why? Choose the correct ...
fermentation
... and facultative anaerobic species. Dependingg on species they can produce either only lactic acid(L(+),D(-),or DL) or a mixture of lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol and CO2.Lactobacillus used as starters in controlled fermentation grow well between 25-44 C.pH can be reduced from 3.5 to 5.0. They can ...
... and facultative anaerobic species. Dependingg on species they can produce either only lactic acid(L(+),D(-),or DL) or a mixture of lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol and CO2.Lactobacillus used as starters in controlled fermentation grow well between 25-44 C.pH can be reduced from 3.5 to 5.0. They can ...
Enzyme Structure
... Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases geometrically with temperature (i.e. it's a curve, not a straight line). The rate increases because the enzyme and substrate molecules both have more kinetic energy so collide more often, and also because more molecules have sufficient energy to overc ...
... Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases geometrically with temperature (i.e. it's a curve, not a straight line). The rate increases because the enzyme and substrate molecules both have more kinetic energy so collide more often, and also because more molecules have sufficient energy to overc ...
Photosynthesis: CO assimilation and sugar metabolism
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Poly-p
... oxaloacetate-dependent cleavage of acetyl-CoA to CoASH. Formation of CoASH was measured at 412nm by the appearance of thiol groups using Ellman's (1959)reagent. A cuvette contained, in a total volume of I m1: I M-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.8, containing 0.39 mg 5,~'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) ml-l, I ...
... oxaloacetate-dependent cleavage of acetyl-CoA to CoASH. Formation of CoASH was measured at 412nm by the appearance of thiol groups using Ellman's (1959)reagent. A cuvette contained, in a total volume of I m1: I M-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.8, containing 0.39 mg 5,~'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) ml-l, I ...
Cellular Energy
... ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. ...
... ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. ...
medbiochem exam, 1999
... easy fatigability. Which of the following are consistent with these observations? A. The patient is diabetic. B. The patient is missing the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase C. The patient may have a defective debranching enzyme. D. The patient may have a defective muscle phosphorylase. E. The patient ha ...
... easy fatigability. Which of the following are consistent with these observations? A. The patient is diabetic. B. The patient is missing the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase C. The patient may have a defective debranching enzyme. D. The patient may have a defective muscle phosphorylase. E. The patient ha ...
C 4 plants
... yields energy – Used to pump H+ across the thylakoid membrane – Protons move from stroma into the thylakoid space • Flow of H+ back across the thylakoid membrane – Energizes ATP synthase, which – Enzymatically produces ATP from ADP + Pi • This method of producing ATP is called chemiosmosis • Photosy ...
... yields energy – Used to pump H+ across the thylakoid membrane – Protons move from stroma into the thylakoid space • Flow of H+ back across the thylakoid membrane – Energizes ATP synthase, which – Enzymatically produces ATP from ADP + Pi • This method of producing ATP is called chemiosmosis • Photosy ...
Advances in improving mammalian cells metabolism for
... used by cells as an internal mechanism to balance the overproduction of ammonium ion due to the rapid consumption of glutamine. As previously described, the metabolism of glutamine can be channelled through different pathways that share many metabolites and transport systems in the mitochondria. In ...
... used by cells as an internal mechanism to balance the overproduction of ammonium ion due to the rapid consumption of glutamine. As previously described, the metabolism of glutamine can be channelled through different pathways that share many metabolites and transport systems in the mitochondria. In ...
Identification of possible tworeactant sources of
... is depicted in Scheme 1. It comprises the Calvin photosynthesis cycle and ancillary pathway of starch formation in the stromal solution of the chloroplast, as well as the reactions leading to sucrose synthesis in the cytosol. The light-dependent primary photosynthetic events are not included in Sche ...
... is depicted in Scheme 1. It comprises the Calvin photosynthesis cycle and ancillary pathway of starch formation in the stromal solution of the chloroplast, as well as the reactions leading to sucrose synthesis in the cytosol. The light-dependent primary photosynthetic events are not included in Sche ...
Presence of Anaplerotic Reactions and Transamination, and the
... Enzymes ofthe TCA cycle. (i) Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) was assayed by both the methods of Srere (1969) and Stitt (1983~).(ii) Aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3) was assayed by a modification of the method of Goldberg & Ellis (1983). The reaction mixture (1.0 ml) contained 100 mM-HEPES/NaOH (pH 7-4), 1.7 mM- ...
... Enzymes ofthe TCA cycle. (i) Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) was assayed by both the methods of Srere (1969) and Stitt (1983~).(ii) Aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3) was assayed by a modification of the method of Goldberg & Ellis (1983). The reaction mixture (1.0 ml) contained 100 mM-HEPES/NaOH (pH 7-4), 1.7 mM- ...
Divergent Evolution of Function in the ROK Sugar
... differences in individual substrate molecules, often at the single-atom level, and to transform these differences into large variations in catalytic efficiency. Indeed, substrate selectivity is a distinguishing characteristic of protein catalysts, one that is largely unrealized in the world of ...
... differences in individual substrate molecules, often at the single-atom level, and to transform these differences into large variations in catalytic efficiency. Indeed, substrate selectivity is a distinguishing characteristic of protein catalysts, one that is largely unrealized in the world of ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑