Clinical Applications of Enzymes
... A 36-year old man was admitted to a hospital following episodes of nausea, vomiting, and general malaise. His urine was darker than usual. Upon examination it was discovered that his liver was enlarged and tender to palpation. Liver function tests were abnormal; plasma ALT was 1500 IU/L (Alanine ami ...
... A 36-year old man was admitted to a hospital following episodes of nausea, vomiting, and general malaise. His urine was darker than usual. Upon examination it was discovered that his liver was enlarged and tender to palpation. Liver function tests were abnormal; plasma ALT was 1500 IU/L (Alanine ami ...
Course Outline - KSU Faculty Member websites
... A practical handout will be given to the student at the beginning of the year including all the practical classes to be given. It is beneficial for the student to read and understand the theoretical background of the class before coming to the laboratory. Every practical class includes a MCQ test on ...
... A practical handout will be given to the student at the beginning of the year including all the practical classes to be given. It is beneficial for the student to read and understand the theoretical background of the class before coming to the laboratory. Every practical class includes a MCQ test on ...
Unit three: - Life Science Academy
... your weight (lose, gain, or maintain) The amount of calories is listed on the left side. The right side shows how many calories in one serving come from fat. The key is to balance how many calories you eat with how many calories your body uses. Tip: Remember that a product that's fat-free isn't nece ...
... your weight (lose, gain, or maintain) The amount of calories is listed on the left side. The right side shows how many calories in one serving come from fat. The key is to balance how many calories you eat with how many calories your body uses. Tip: Remember that a product that's fat-free isn't nece ...
S2 Table: Contribution of different substrates to respiration of
... muscle of A. aegypti males. Values were expressed as mean ± SD of nmol oxygen consumed/min/mg protein with the following substrates: 10 mM pyruvate + 10 mM proline (Pyr+Pro), 20 mM sn glycerol-3 phosphate (G3P) or 10 µM palmitoylcarnitine + 5 mM malate (PC+Mal). Addition of OXPHOS modulators were in ...
... muscle of A. aegypti males. Values were expressed as mean ± SD of nmol oxygen consumed/min/mg protein with the following substrates: 10 mM pyruvate + 10 mM proline (Pyr+Pro), 20 mM sn glycerol-3 phosphate (G3P) or 10 µM palmitoylcarnitine + 5 mM malate (PC+Mal). Addition of OXPHOS modulators were in ...
Recovery Following Exercise
... kicks in, during intense exercise lasting up to 3 mins, or when the anaerobic threshold has been exceeded. The oxygen debt is used to compensate for the oxygen deficit – the amount of extra oxygen that would have been required to complete the exercise aerobically. As aerobic respiration does not hap ...
... kicks in, during intense exercise lasting up to 3 mins, or when the anaerobic threshold has been exceeded. The oxygen debt is used to compensate for the oxygen deficit – the amount of extra oxygen that would have been required to complete the exercise aerobically. As aerobic respiration does not hap ...
Enzyme - Madison Public Schools
... – saturate solution with substrate so it out-competes inhibitor for active site on enzyme ...
... – saturate solution with substrate so it out-competes inhibitor for active site on enzyme ...
... Carlsbad, CA). Plasmid pDONR221, using the BP reaction, was used to create the entry clone, designated plasmid pUD64. From this entry clone and the multicopy plasmid pAG426GPD-ccdB (Addgene, Cambridge, MA), the yeast expression plasmid pUDE43 was constructed by using the LR reaction. Transformations ...
Simulating the physiology of athletes during endurance
... with oxygen is converted to external work. The remainder of the energy is converted to heat, which is transported from the muscle by thermal conduction and circulatory convection. The blood also delivers oxygen and carbon substrates to the muscle and carries away the breakdown products, such as carb ...
... with oxygen is converted to external work. The remainder of the energy is converted to heat, which is transported from the muscle by thermal conduction and circulatory convection. The blood also delivers oxygen and carbon substrates to the muscle and carries away the breakdown products, such as carb ...
Airgas template
... • The Krebs Cycle, aka citric acid cycle and TCA cycle: – A biochemical pathway consisting of 8 separate reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme. – Only 2 ATP molecules are produced, but NADH, H+, FADH2 are formed, which enter the electron transport chain. ...
... • The Krebs Cycle, aka citric acid cycle and TCA cycle: – A biochemical pathway consisting of 8 separate reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme. – Only 2 ATP molecules are produced, but NADH, H+, FADH2 are formed, which enter the electron transport chain. ...
Załącznik nr 3 do Zarządzenia Rektora PUM…………………….. z
... glycogen: glycogenolysis. Metabolic and hormonal regulation of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. The differences in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in muscle and liver. Glycogen related metabolic disorders. Glucose metabolism Synthesis of glucose: gluconeogenesis. Substrates of gluconeogene ...
... glycogen: glycogenolysis. Metabolic and hormonal regulation of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. The differences in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in muscle and liver. Glycogen related metabolic disorders. Glucose metabolism Synthesis of glucose: gluconeogenesis. Substrates of gluconeogene ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... enzyme was observed by Pulich and Van Baalen [lo] in extracts from two filamentous species of cyanobacteria capable of dark heterotrophic growth. a-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was also absent, the lack of a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle is consistent with other reports of cyanobacterial metabolis ...
... enzyme was observed by Pulich and Van Baalen [lo] in extracts from two filamentous species of cyanobacteria capable of dark heterotrophic growth. a-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was also absent, the lack of a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle is consistent with other reports of cyanobacterial metabolis ...
Fermented Cod Liver Oil - Green Pasture Products
... as submerged culture fermentation (SCF), which is defined as “fermentation under conditions of high moisture content”. Salt tolerant, lactic-acid producing bacteria (LAB) ferment the fish and yield various components in the final product. In a likewise fashion, cod liver fermentation yields the foll ...
... as submerged culture fermentation (SCF), which is defined as “fermentation under conditions of high moisture content”. Salt tolerant, lactic-acid producing bacteria (LAB) ferment the fish and yield various components in the final product. In a likewise fashion, cod liver fermentation yields the foll ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism - Weber State University
... triacyl-esters of glycerol in which each of its three alcohol groups is esterified to a fatty acid. Almost all fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms. We will see in this discussion that this is a result of the way they are synthesized, namely from acetyl-CoA (two carbon building blocks) ...
... triacyl-esters of glycerol in which each of its three alcohol groups is esterified to a fatty acid. Almost all fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms. We will see in this discussion that this is a result of the way they are synthesized, namely from acetyl-CoA (two carbon building blocks) ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN PEROXISOMES Peroxisomes - organelles containing enzyme catalase, which catalyzes the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen ...
... OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN PEROXISOMES Peroxisomes - organelles containing enzyme catalase, which catalyzes the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and the regulation of glucose oxidation in
... Hearts were studied under four different conditions in each group, being perfused with either the perfusate described above (Basal), with the addition of dichloroacetate (DCA, 1 or 3 mM), or with palmitate omitted from the perfusate (No palmitate). When present, DCA was added at the beginning of the ...
... Hearts were studied under four different conditions in each group, being perfused with either the perfusate described above (Basal), with the addition of dichloroacetate (DCA, 1 or 3 mM), or with palmitate omitted from the perfusate (No palmitate). When present, DCA was added at the beginning of the ...
Regulation of hepatic metabolism by AMPK - HAL
... energy status. AMPK is an heterotrimeric complex composed of one catalytic () and two regulatory subunits ( and ). AMPK activation requires phosphorylation on Thr172 within the activation loop of the catalytic -subunit by upstream kinase, identified as the liver kinase B1 (LKB1). (2) AMPK is act ...
... energy status. AMPK is an heterotrimeric complex composed of one catalytic () and two regulatory subunits ( and ). AMPK activation requires phosphorylation on Thr172 within the activation loop of the catalytic -subunit by upstream kinase, identified as the liver kinase B1 (LKB1). (2) AMPK is act ...
enzymes - Yengage
... Function in dilute aqueous solutions under mild conditions of temperature and pH Physiological regulation Several enzymes can work together in a specific order creating - metabolic pathways ...
... Function in dilute aqueous solutions under mild conditions of temperature and pH Physiological regulation Several enzymes can work together in a specific order creating - metabolic pathways ...
第八章
... *synthesis of phospholipids. *synthesis of lipoprotein. *synthesis of ketone body. *degradation of fatty acid. *degradation of phospholipids. *removal of phospholipids and cholesterol from blood. *lengthening and shortening of fatty acids. *saturating and desaturating of fatty acids. *control of dep ...
... *synthesis of phospholipids. *synthesis of lipoprotein. *synthesis of ketone body. *degradation of fatty acid. *degradation of phospholipids. *removal of phospholipids and cholesterol from blood. *lengthening and shortening of fatty acids. *saturating and desaturating of fatty acids. *control of dep ...
AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the
... CPT-1. A close correlation exists between increased AMPK activity, decreased ACC activity and increased fatty acid oxidation in isolated working rat hearts [21,22,39,56]. It has been well established that AMPK is able to phosphorylate both isoforms of ACC [47–49] and we have shown that cardiac ACC c ...
... CPT-1. A close correlation exists between increased AMPK activity, decreased ACC activity and increased fatty acid oxidation in isolated working rat hearts [21,22,39,56]. It has been well established that AMPK is able to phosphorylate both isoforms of ACC [47–49] and we have shown that cardiac ACC c ...
Calculation of Biochemical Net Reactions and Pathways by Using
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
... following night period and thus balancing the reduced carbon supply of sink tissues during the day. These transformants use, at much higher rates than wild-type plants, the ‘night path’ of carbon, that is they degrade the accumulated starch into hexoses, which are subsequently exported by a hexose t ...
... following night period and thus balancing the reduced carbon supply of sink tissues during the day. These transformants use, at much higher rates than wild-type plants, the ‘night path’ of carbon, that is they degrade the accumulated starch into hexoses, which are subsequently exported by a hexose t ...
HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2016
... 42. Identify the ATP yield for each step of aerobic cellular respiration and the approximate total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose. 43. Explain the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration. At which step is it required and why? Explain why oxygen is called the “final electron acceptor” ...
... 42. Identify the ATP yield for each step of aerobic cellular respiration and the approximate total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose. 43. Explain the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration. At which step is it required and why? Explain why oxygen is called the “final electron acceptor” ...
Urea Cycle - MBBS Students Club
... • The ammonia produced by enteric bacteria and absorbedinto portal venous blood and the ammonia produced by tissues are rapidly removed from circulation by the liver and converted to urea. • Only traces (10–20μg/dL) thus normally are present in peripheral blood. • This is essential, since ammonia is ...
... • The ammonia produced by enteric bacteria and absorbedinto portal venous blood and the ammonia produced by tissues are rapidly removed from circulation by the liver and converted to urea. • Only traces (10–20μg/dL) thus normally are present in peripheral blood. • This is essential, since ammonia is ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑