red algae
... arthropods, such as crustaceans (like the crab, lobster and shrimp) and the insects, including ants, beetles and butterflies, the radula of mollusks and the beaks of the cephalopods, including squid and octopuses. Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes. Chitin is a ...
... arthropods, such as crustaceans (like the crab, lobster and shrimp) and the insects, including ants, beetles and butterflies, the radula of mollusks and the beaks of the cephalopods, including squid and octopuses. Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes. Chitin is a ...
Use to make Test Corrections (Answer in complete sentence +10 pts
... ____ 46. In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as __________ molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. This is less than might be expected, because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the __________ mitochondrial membrane at a cost ...
... ____ 46. In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as __________ molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. This is less than might be expected, because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the __________ mitochondrial membrane at a cost ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... Energy changes occurring during the reaction Virtually all chemical reactions have an energy barrier (free energy of activation )separating the reactants and the products. (Figure 5.4) shows the changes in energy during the conversion of a molecule of reactant A to product B as it proceeds through ...
... Energy changes occurring during the reaction Virtually all chemical reactions have an energy barrier (free energy of activation )separating the reactants and the products. (Figure 5.4) shows the changes in energy during the conversion of a molecule of reactant A to product B as it proceeds through ...
enzyme
... Ligases catalyze the joining of two molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or another nucleoside triphosphate. ...
... Ligases catalyze the joining of two molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or another nucleoside triphosphate. ...
Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... PC is also highly expressed in adipose tissues. As the key gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase, are not present in adipose tissue, Ballard and Hanson [21] proposed the involvement of PC in the pathway of de novo fatty acid synthesis. PC participates in this pa ...
... PC is also highly expressed in adipose tissues. As the key gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase, are not present in adipose tissue, Ballard and Hanson [21] proposed the involvement of PC in the pathway of de novo fatty acid synthesis. PC participates in this pa ...
The molecular machinery of Keilin`s respiratory chain
... classic paper of 1925 [2], achieved with simple but elegant techniques, described these findings and introduced the notion of distinct cytochromes a, b and c (although Keilin used the singular term cytochrome to define the entire system) that act together to form what was later called the respirator ...
... classic paper of 1925 [2], achieved with simple but elegant techniques, described these findings and introduced the notion of distinct cytochromes a, b and c (although Keilin used the singular term cytochrome to define the entire system) that act together to form what was later called the respirator ...
enzyme substrate
... • The enzyme orients the substrate into position that increases the probability of a reaction • Enzyme substrate complex forms by the temporary binding of enzyme and substrate enable the collison to be more effective and lowers the activation energy of the reaction ...
... • The enzyme orients the substrate into position that increases the probability of a reaction • Enzyme substrate complex forms by the temporary binding of enzyme and substrate enable the collison to be more effective and lowers the activation energy of the reaction ...
Amino Acid Transport Systems in Animal Cells
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
Metabolic processes of Methanococcus maripaludis and potential
... coenzyme F420 serves as the electron carrier for two intermediary steps in methanogenesis, but H2 is probably not an intermediate [21, 24]. As shown in Fig. 3, the resulting CO2 feeds into the first step of methanogenesis. A recent study [8] showed the effects of H2 and formate limitation/excess on ...
... coenzyme F420 serves as the electron carrier for two intermediary steps in methanogenesis, but H2 is probably not an intermediate [21, 24]. As shown in Fig. 3, the resulting CO2 feeds into the first step of methanogenesis. A recent study [8] showed the effects of H2 and formate limitation/excess on ...
Uncoupling effect of fatty acids on heart muscle
... Thermogenin is absent from tissue other than brown fat, but nevertheless fatty acids can uncouple in these other tissues (for reviw, see [S]). We assumed [2,5] that in these cases the role of the fatty acid anion porter is performed by ATP/ADP antiporter, a protein which is very similar to thermogen ...
... Thermogenin is absent from tissue other than brown fat, but nevertheless fatty acids can uncouple in these other tissues (for reviw, see [S]). We assumed [2,5] that in these cases the role of the fatty acid anion porter is performed by ATP/ADP antiporter, a protein which is very similar to thermogen ...
Nitrogen Assimilation 1. Introduction and Overview Importance of
... -‐ chloroplastic, but there are cytosolic forms for N fixers ...
... -‐ chloroplastic, but there are cytosolic forms for N fixers ...
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
... n n glucose, for example) may employ many of the same enzymes, but invariably at least one of the steps is catalyzed by different enzymes in the catabolic and anabolic directions, and these enzymes are the sites of separate regulation. Moreover, for both anabolic and catabolic pathways to be essenti ...
... n n glucose, for example) may employ many of the same enzymes, but invariably at least one of the steps is catalyzed by different enzymes in the catabolic and anabolic directions, and these enzymes are the sites of separate regulation. Moreover, for both anabolic and catabolic pathways to be essenti ...
Water soluble Vit. Vit C: (Ascorbic Acid)
... Water soluble vit, stable in air & heat. Sources: found mainly in meats, liver, Egg, unpolished rice ,,vegetable diet lack this vit.. Alcoholism is an important precipitating factor for niacin deficiency . ...
... Water soluble vit, stable in air & heat. Sources: found mainly in meats, liver, Egg, unpolished rice ,,vegetable diet lack this vit.. Alcoholism is an important precipitating factor for niacin deficiency . ...
Monday 10-1 Lecture 1 Q: Thanks for podcasting How can one not
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
Oakland Schools Biology Resource Unit
... Return to Unit 1 Table of Contents Lipids are made by the process of dehydration synthesis Different kinds of fats: ...
... Return to Unit 1 Table of Contents Lipids are made by the process of dehydration synthesis Different kinds of fats: ...
Chapter 4 General metabolism
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
Intermediary Metabolism-II SECTION A What are ketogenic amino
... Discuss the role of carnitine. What are chylomicrons? How are water insoluble triacylglycerol and cholesterol transported in the aqueous medium of blood? Expalin fatty acid synthetase enzyme complex components. What is the effect of dietary cholesterol on the cholesterol biosynthesis? When does acet ...
... Discuss the role of carnitine. What are chylomicrons? How are water insoluble triacylglycerol and cholesterol transported in the aqueous medium of blood? Expalin fatty acid synthetase enzyme complex components. What is the effect of dietary cholesterol on the cholesterol biosynthesis? When does acet ...
lecture7
... CoA to malonyl CoA. The free energy thus stored in malonyl CoA is released in the decarboxylation accompanying the formation of acetoacetyl ACP. Although HCO3- is required for fatty acid synthesis, its carbon atom does not appear in the product. Rather, all the carbon atoms of fatty acids containing ...
... CoA to malonyl CoA. The free energy thus stored in malonyl CoA is released in the decarboxylation accompanying the formation of acetoacetyl ACP. Although HCO3- is required for fatty acid synthesis, its carbon atom does not appear in the product. Rather, all the carbon atoms of fatty acids containing ...
L-Carnitine in human metabolism
... • The metabolic pathways link the main vital organs and tissues • L-Carnitine is strictly linked to the metabolic pathways of main vital organ and tissues • Carnitine deficiency induces derangement of the metabolic pathways with impairment of the vital organs and tissues ...
... • The metabolic pathways link the main vital organs and tissues • L-Carnitine is strictly linked to the metabolic pathways of main vital organ and tissues • Carnitine deficiency induces derangement of the metabolic pathways with impairment of the vital organs and tissues ...
GENE REGULATION AT THE PROMOTER LEVEL
... The binding of the lactose, at a specific lactose-binding site of the repressor protein causes a change in shape of the repressor protein so that it can no longer bind to at the operator site of the lac operon. The operator site could also be called the regulatory site. The roadblock to RNA polymera ...
... The binding of the lactose, at a specific lactose-binding site of the repressor protein causes a change in shape of the repressor protein so that it can no longer bind to at the operator site of the lac operon. The operator site could also be called the regulatory site. The roadblock to RNA polymera ...
Homology among (βα) 8 Barrels: Implications for the Evolution of
... aldolase (Mavridis et al., 1982), and shows signi®cant sequence similarity to other phosphate-binding TIM barrels (Figure 1). Comparison of known structures shows that the Schiff base-forming catalytic lysine residue is found in an exactly equivalent position in type I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldo ...
... aldolase (Mavridis et al., 1982), and shows signi®cant sequence similarity to other phosphate-binding TIM barrels (Figure 1). Comparison of known structures shows that the Schiff base-forming catalytic lysine residue is found in an exactly equivalent position in type I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldo ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑