Organic and Bio Chemistry 16
... A. Medicinal Chemistry is rooted in organic chemistry - the study of organic (carbon-based) compounds. These compounds are classified by functional group - a group of atoms that occurs in many molecules & confers on them a characteristic chemical reactivity, regardless of the carbon skeleton. Functi ...
... A. Medicinal Chemistry is rooted in organic chemistry - the study of organic (carbon-based) compounds. These compounds are classified by functional group - a group of atoms that occurs in many molecules & confers on them a characteristic chemical reactivity, regardless of the carbon skeleton. Functi ...
Chapter 3—Thermodynamics of Biological Systems MULTIPLE
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
Crystal structure of yeast hexokinase Pl in complex
... A multiple sequence alignment of hexokinases was obtained from the PFAM database,41 in a total of 317 sequences, including that of yeast hexokinase PI. From the alignment, it is possible to compute, in a parameter named DG stat, the discrepancy between amino acid frequencies in a given position and ...
... A multiple sequence alignment of hexokinases was obtained from the PFAM database,41 in a total of 317 sequences, including that of yeast hexokinase PI. From the alignment, it is possible to compute, in a parameter named DG stat, the discrepancy between amino acid frequencies in a given position and ...
Effect of Zinc on Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and
... 1966; Gupta & Venkitasubramanian, 1975;Maggon, Gopal & Venkitasubramanian, 1g73), but the mechanism of this stimulatory action is not understood at present. The effect of zinc on the metabolism of A. pdrdsiticus has not been reported. It has been shown that soybean is a poor substrate for aflatoxin ...
... 1966; Gupta & Venkitasubramanian, 1975;Maggon, Gopal & Venkitasubramanian, 1g73), but the mechanism of this stimulatory action is not understood at present. The effect of zinc on the metabolism of A. pdrdsiticus has not been reported. It has been shown that soybean is a poor substrate for aflatoxin ...
Bio301 final exam 2005 with model answers
... gradually oxidised and decarboxylated to form OAA again. If either citrate or other metabolites between citrate and OAA are removed from the cycle for biosynthetic or other purposes the cycle cannot continue because of a lack of OAA the starting and finishing compound. Anaplerotic sequences are shor ...
... gradually oxidised and decarboxylated to form OAA again. If either citrate or other metabolites between citrate and OAA are removed from the cycle for biosynthetic or other purposes the cycle cannot continue because of a lack of OAA the starting and finishing compound. Anaplerotic sequences are shor ...
NIH Public Access - University of Utah Health Care
... component of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier in yeast, flies, and mammals. This is consistent with experiments performed in rat liver, heart, and castor beans, which implicated proteins of 12 to 15 kD in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake (15)—similar to the molecular masses of Mpc1 (15 kD), Mpc2 (14 ...
... component of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier in yeast, flies, and mammals. This is consistent with experiments performed in rat liver, heart, and castor beans, which implicated proteins of 12 to 15 kD in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake (15)—similar to the molecular masses of Mpc1 (15 kD), Mpc2 (14 ...
Ketone ester effects on metabolism and
... prolonged starvation in man (3, 4), where the blood level of ketones reaches 5–7 mM (5). If the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue exceeds the capacity of tissue to metabolize them, as occurs during insulin deficiency of type I diabetes or less commonly in the insulin resistance of type ...
... prolonged starvation in man (3, 4), where the blood level of ketones reaches 5–7 mM (5). If the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue exceeds the capacity of tissue to metabolize them, as occurs during insulin deficiency of type I diabetes or less commonly in the insulin resistance of type ...
Power Point Version
... • Leaf Cells Contain Chloroplasts – these are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs. • Photosynthesis Consists of Light-Dependent and LightIndependent Reactions – light dependent reactions – thylakoids capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into chemical energy • these molecules = AT ...
... • Leaf Cells Contain Chloroplasts – these are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs. • Photosynthesis Consists of Light-Dependent and LightIndependent Reactions – light dependent reactions – thylakoids capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into chemical energy • these molecules = AT ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – Exam 3 Hey everyone, The following is a list
... - cells lose ability to sense the surplus of glucose and respond leads to increased glucagon synthesis increased lipolysis and glycogenolysis -body response similar to starvation! - symptoms: -elevated blood glucose -chronic fatigue -weight loss (even though adequate dietary intake) -ketones in ...
... - cells lose ability to sense the surplus of glucose and respond leads to increased glucagon synthesis increased lipolysis and glycogenolysis -body response similar to starvation! - symptoms: -elevated blood glucose -chronic fatigue -weight loss (even though adequate dietary intake) -ketones in ...
Export To Word
... tandem to convert sunlight into energy that cells can use. This lesson will allow students to observe and identify evidence of an enzyme's activity, lactase, and its function, and action on a substrate found in milk, lactose. They will then relate the absence of lactase to the condition of lactose i ...
... tandem to convert sunlight into energy that cells can use. This lesson will allow students to observe and identify evidence of an enzyme's activity, lactase, and its function, and action on a substrate found in milk, lactose. They will then relate the absence of lactase to the condition of lactose i ...
2566 Part 1
... ATP exists in every living tissue its breakdown gives energy for all life functions ...
... ATP exists in every living tissue its breakdown gives energy for all life functions ...
REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION I
... (Received for publication, May 24, 1948) The large number of inhibitors of cellular respiration hitherto described have been reported to act by inhibiting the activity of enzyme systems. They do so (1) by combining with the activating protein, either through some groups essential for activity (for e ...
... (Received for publication, May 24, 1948) The large number of inhibitors of cellular respiration hitherto described have been reported to act by inhibiting the activity of enzyme systems. They do so (1) by combining with the activating protein, either through some groups essential for activity (for e ...
3 ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION
... and so, combined with (3), the limiting yield of ATP is about 0.5 mol g-1. The oxidation of the FAs from human fat or rattite or seed oils yields about 0.41 mol ATP g-1 (9) despite quite different FA compositions (Table 1). Naturally, the ATP yield increases with n and decreases only slightly with ...
... and so, combined with (3), the limiting yield of ATP is about 0.5 mol g-1. The oxidation of the FAs from human fat or rattite or seed oils yields about 0.41 mol ATP g-1 (9) despite quite different FA compositions (Table 1). Naturally, the ATP yield increases with n and decreases only slightly with ...
![[U-13C]propionate, phenylacetate, and acetaminophen](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002254284_1-9ecb94e9c5e6c14c57ae26d63989e9aa-300x300.png)
[U-13C]propionate, phenylacetate, and acetaminophen
... and glucose-alanine cycles. Gluconeogenic flux, the difference between total anaplerotic inflow and total OAA-PYR recycling, represents net export of carbons from the metabolic network. Although carbons can leave the citric acid cycle through pathways other than gluconeogenesis (for example as aspar ...
... and glucose-alanine cycles. Gluconeogenic flux, the difference between total anaplerotic inflow and total OAA-PYR recycling, represents net export of carbons from the metabolic network. Although carbons can leave the citric acid cycle through pathways other than gluconeogenesis (for example as aspar ...
Chapter 30 HEIN
... reactions that occur in living cells. Uncatalyzed reactions that require hours of boiling in the presence of a strong acid or strong base can occur in a fraction of a second in the presence of the proper enzyme. The catalytic functions of enzymes are ...
... reactions that occur in living cells. Uncatalyzed reactions that require hours of boiling in the presence of a strong acid or strong base can occur in a fraction of a second in the presence of the proper enzyme. The catalytic functions of enzymes are ...
Lecture 27
... Trp is broken down into Ala (pyruvate) and acetoacetate. First 4 reactions lead to Ala and 3hydroxyanthranilate. Reactions 5-9 convert 3-hydroxyanthranilate to aketoadipate. Reactions 10-16 are catalyzed by enzymes of reactions 5 - 11 in Lys degradation to yield acetoacetate. ...
... Trp is broken down into Ala (pyruvate) and acetoacetate. First 4 reactions lead to Ala and 3hydroxyanthranilate. Reactions 5-9 convert 3-hydroxyanthranilate to aketoadipate. Reactions 10-16 are catalyzed by enzymes of reactions 5 - 11 in Lys degradation to yield acetoacetate. ...
Test 1 Study Guide
... D. Fermentation – a “shortcut” respiration process. It just regenerates NAD+ to run glycolysis. This produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation only. Inefficient but very fast and no oxygen required. (Fig. 5.18) a. Alcohol fermentation – done by yeast. Ethanol and CO2 produced. (Fig. 5.19) b. L ...
... D. Fermentation – a “shortcut” respiration process. It just regenerates NAD+ to run glycolysis. This produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation only. Inefficient but very fast and no oxygen required. (Fig. 5.18) a. Alcohol fermentation – done by yeast. Ethanol and CO2 produced. (Fig. 5.19) b. L ...
Test 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 – Introduction
... D. Fermentation – a “shortcut” respiration process. It just regenerates NAD+ to run glycolysis. This produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation only. Inefficient but very fast and no oxygen required. (Fig. 5.18) a. Alcohol fermentation – done by yeast. Ethanol and CO2 produced. (Fig. 5.19) b. L ...
... D. Fermentation – a “shortcut” respiration process. It just regenerates NAD+ to run glycolysis. This produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation only. Inefficient but very fast and no oxygen required. (Fig. 5.18) a. Alcohol fermentation – done by yeast. Ethanol and CO2 produced. (Fig. 5.19) b. L ...
RACC BIO Photosynthesis
... using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH. It requires more ATP than NADPH • Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P) • For net synthesis of one G3P, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2 Copyright ...
... using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH. It requires more ATP than NADPH • Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P) • For net synthesis of one G3P, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2 Copyright ...
Corn Syrups: Clearing up the Confusion
... syrups range from a low of 20 to above 73 DE. Spray or vacuum drum driers are used to make dried corn syrups (corn syrup solids), which function the same as liquid products when rehydrated. HFCS contains both fructose and glucose (a key distinguishing feature from regular corn syrups), and are not c ...
... syrups range from a low of 20 to above 73 DE. Spray or vacuum drum driers are used to make dried corn syrups (corn syrup solids), which function the same as liquid products when rehydrated. HFCS contains both fructose and glucose (a key distinguishing feature from regular corn syrups), and are not c ...
A comparative study of glycolysis in red and white muscles of the
... these two enzymes between white and red muscles was about 2-3 for the trout. However, the activities of these enzymes were broadly similar in both the red and white muscles of the mirror carp (Tables I and II). Phosphorylase showed a sharp pH profile in the muscles of both these species. Maximal act ...
... these two enzymes between white and red muscles was about 2-3 for the trout. However, the activities of these enzymes were broadly similar in both the red and white muscles of the mirror carp (Tables I and II). Phosphorylase showed a sharp pH profile in the muscles of both these species. Maximal act ...
5-MGD Session 3, Lec 5, 2014
... 3. Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction Enzymes increase the rate of the reaction by factors of 1 million or more. They DO NOT affect the equilibrium of a reaction. 4. Enzymes are left unchanged after the reaction has ...
... 3. Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction Enzymes increase the rate of the reaction by factors of 1 million or more. They DO NOT affect the equilibrium of a reaction. 4. Enzymes are left unchanged after the reaction has ...
Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑