REPRODUCTION
... transportation into cells by SLC2A4 tends to be more reliant on insulin and insulin-like growth factors levels than on glucose concentration (Charron et al. 1989). In addition to having a poor capacity to take up glucose, the bovine oocyte has low phosphofructokinase activity (PFK, one of the rate-l ...
... transportation into cells by SLC2A4 tends to be more reliant on insulin and insulin-like growth factors levels than on glucose concentration (Charron et al. 1989). In addition to having a poor capacity to take up glucose, the bovine oocyte has low phosphofructokinase activity (PFK, one of the rate-l ...
Metabolic pathways in Anopheles stephensi mitochondria
... be fulfilled by PC, which catalyses the conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate and is very abundant in the flight muscles of many insect species [22]. In these reports, PC did not co-occur with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6bisphosphatase, so it was concluded that flight muscle ...
... be fulfilled by PC, which catalyses the conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate and is very abundant in the flight muscles of many insect species [22]. In these reports, PC did not co-occur with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6bisphosphatase, so it was concluded that flight muscle ...
Carbohydrates
... digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken. Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula. ...
... digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken. Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula. ...
lactic acid fermentation
... Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... Information about normal hepatic glucose metabolism may help to understand pathogenic mechanisms underlying obesity and diabetes mellitus. In addition, liver glucose metabolism is involved in glycosylation reactions and connected with fatty acid metabolism. The liver receives dietary carbohydrates d ...
... Information about normal hepatic glucose metabolism may help to understand pathogenic mechanisms underlying obesity and diabetes mellitus. In addition, liver glucose metabolism is involved in glycosylation reactions and connected with fatty acid metabolism. The liver receives dietary carbohydrates d ...
Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic
... needed no adaptation to 2H2O, contrary to green algae, which, being eukaryotes, are the more difficult adapted to D2О and, therefore, exhibit inhibition of growth at 70–75 % (v/v) D2О. At placing a cell onto 2H2O-media lacking protons, not only 2H2O is removed from a cell due to isotopic (1H–2H) exc ...
... needed no adaptation to 2H2O, contrary to green algae, which, being eukaryotes, are the more difficult adapted to D2О and, therefore, exhibit inhibition of growth at 70–75 % (v/v) D2О. At placing a cell onto 2H2O-media lacking protons, not only 2H2O is removed from a cell due to isotopic (1H–2H) exc ...
CMESCC 4 Physiology of the Combined and Multievents
... Sarcomere Anatomy. There are two types of contractile protein filaments, thick and thin. The thin filaments are composed of the proteins actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. They are attached to Z disks, which are noncontractile protein ends of the sarcomere, and extend toward the middle of the sarcome ...
... Sarcomere Anatomy. There are two types of contractile protein filaments, thick and thin. The thin filaments are composed of the proteins actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. They are attached to Z disks, which are noncontractile protein ends of the sarcomere, and extend toward the middle of the sarcome ...
METABOLIC ADAPTATION OF CANDIDA
... new and reoccurring infections, accounting for about 40% of disseminated candidiasis. The major characteristic of biofilms which differentiates it from planktonic cells is its high tolerance to treatments and the immune system. Sessile growths have been reported to be several folds resistant to the ...
... new and reoccurring infections, accounting for about 40% of disseminated candidiasis. The major characteristic of biofilms which differentiates it from planktonic cells is its high tolerance to treatments and the immune system. Sessile growths have been reported to be several folds resistant to the ...
The Many Faces of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Male Germ Cells
... have dual properties according its concentration. At 800 µM DHA, after 48 h of treatment, it has the capacity to indirectly stimulate NADPH, via the pentose phosphate pathway, and subsequent glutathione synthesis (Puskas et al., 2000). These activities of DHA molecules (or ascorbic acid oxidation) s ...
... have dual properties according its concentration. At 800 µM DHA, after 48 h of treatment, it has the capacity to indirectly stimulate NADPH, via the pentose phosphate pathway, and subsequent glutathione synthesis (Puskas et al., 2000). These activities of DHA molecules (or ascorbic acid oxidation) s ...
Building Triketide α-Pyrone-Producing Yeast Platform Using
... malonyl-CoA units with fatty acyl-CoAs of various chain lengths [4, 7, 11, 13]. Based on the total masses of the putative α-pyrone polyketides that accumulated, it appears that PKSA accepts C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1 fatty acids in vivo to generate triketide α-pyrones. Pentadecyl t ...
... malonyl-CoA units with fatty acyl-CoAs of various chain lengths [4, 7, 11, 13]. Based on the total masses of the putative α-pyrone polyketides that accumulated, it appears that PKSA accepts C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1 fatty acids in vivo to generate triketide α-pyrones. Pentadecyl t ...
LITERATURE REVIEW: 1) Citric acid production by Aspergillusniger
... importantcommercial product with global production reaching 736,000 tons/yr. Furthermore, it isproduced almost through the submerged fermentation of the white rot fungus (Jianlong 2000). Citric acid is widely used in the food, beverage,pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and it has other applicat ...
... importantcommercial product with global production reaching 736,000 tons/yr. Furthermore, it isproduced almost through the submerged fermentation of the white rot fungus (Jianlong 2000). Citric acid is widely used in the food, beverage,pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and it has other applicat ...
Measuring Mitochondrial Respiration in Intact Skeletal Muscle
... to subtract the nonmitochondrial sources of oxygen consumption, and calculate the mitochondrial-specific component of respiration. ...
... to subtract the nonmitochondrial sources of oxygen consumption, and calculate the mitochondrial-specific component of respiration. ...
Archive Microbiology
... purchased from Merck, grown aerobically). The axenic cultures were harvested in the late logarithmic phase and stored at --20 ~C. Growth of the Lipoic Acid Deficient Strain of Streptococcus faeealis The strain Streptococcus faecalis 10 CI, either kindly supplied by the Czechoslovak Collection of Mic ...
... purchased from Merck, grown aerobically). The axenic cultures were harvested in the late logarithmic phase and stored at --20 ~C. Growth of the Lipoic Acid Deficient Strain of Streptococcus faeealis The strain Streptococcus faecalis 10 CI, either kindly supplied by the Czechoslovak Collection of Mic ...
biochemistry - Biology Notes Help
... bonds connecting them. Glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl groups on the specialised monosaccharide. E.g. ...
... bonds connecting them. Glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl groups on the specialised monosaccharide. E.g. ...
Poster
... observed in the UV-Vis experiment does consume molecular oxygen • Shows oxygen is necessary for formation of 4HKA ...
... observed in the UV-Vis experiment does consume molecular oxygen • Shows oxygen is necessary for formation of 4HKA ...
Global Properties of the Metabolic Map of
... The EcoCyc database characterizes the known network of Escherichia coli small-molecule metabolism. Here we present a computational analysis of the global properties of that network, which consists of 744 reactions that are catalyzed by 607 enzymes. The reactions are organized into 131 pathways. Of t ...
... The EcoCyc database characterizes the known network of Escherichia coli small-molecule metabolism. Here we present a computational analysis of the global properties of that network, which consists of 744 reactions that are catalyzed by 607 enzymes. The reactions are organized into 131 pathways. Of t ...
Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Fermentations
... Like most microbes that are described as lacking extracellular hydrolases, lactic acid bacteria do digest protein to the limited extent that the amino acids can be made available for cell building reactions. Depending on which proteins are present, there may be by-products of this activity that cont ...
... Like most microbes that are described as lacking extracellular hydrolases, lactic acid bacteria do digest protein to the limited extent that the amino acids can be made available for cell building reactions. Depending on which proteins are present, there may be by-products of this activity that cont ...
Chemistry 110 Enzymes
... product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain cleaved before it becomes active. An example is try ...
... product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain cleaved before it becomes active. An example is try ...
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... product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain cleaved before it becomes active. An example is try ...
... product of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence. The inhibition may be competitive or noncompetitive. ¾A proenzyme or zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must have part of its polypeptide chain cleaved before it becomes active. An example is try ...
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... media. Glucose isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose and that of xylose to xylulose. It is an important enzyme used in the industrial production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Glucose isomerase was purified from Bacillus thuringiensis. The final p ...
... media. Glucose isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose and that of xylose to xylulose. It is an important enzyme used in the industrial production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Glucose isomerase was purified from Bacillus thuringiensis. The final p ...
File
... Therefore enzymes are catalysts because they speed up biochemical reactions • We need enzymes for every process that happens in our bodies! e.g. Digesting food, replicating DNA ...
... Therefore enzymes are catalysts because they speed up biochemical reactions • We need enzymes for every process that happens in our bodies! e.g. Digesting food, replicating DNA ...
Basic Enzymology
... formation of a product. Let us consider an idealized transfer reaction in which compound A—B reacts with compound C to form two new products, A and B—C. • In order for the first two compounds to react, they must approach closely enough for their constituent atoms to interact. • Normally, atoms that ...
... formation of a product. Let us consider an idealized transfer reaction in which compound A—B reacts with compound C to form two new products, A and B—C. • In order for the first two compounds to react, they must approach closely enough for their constituent atoms to interact. • Normally, atoms that ...
POULTRY BREEDING
... Ensilage: silage making (process); Silo: the place for herbal fermentation. ...
... Ensilage: silage making (process); Silo: the place for herbal fermentation. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑