2_5 Slides
... 2.5.1 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme: A globular protein that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy threshold (i.e. a biological catalyst) ...
... 2.5.1 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme: A globular protein that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy threshold (i.e. a biological catalyst) ...
Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity
... can change in response to substrate binding. Daniel Koshland first proposed this ‘induced fit’ hypothesis: the binding of substrate can convert enzyme from an inactive conformation into an active one, by orienting catalytic residues, structuring a binding site for a second substrate, or closing the ac ...
... can change in response to substrate binding. Daniel Koshland first proposed this ‘induced fit’ hypothesis: the binding of substrate can convert enzyme from an inactive conformation into an active one, by orienting catalytic residues, structuring a binding site for a second substrate, or closing the ac ...
Sept18 - Staff Web Pages
... Inside cells, fatty acids (FA) are usually connected to a molecule of the tri-hydroxy (tri-alcohol) compound glycerol. Once again water is removed, this time producing an ester bond (acid + alcohol, draw, see top right corner of lipids handout). If all 3 OH 's on the glycerol are substituted with FA ...
... Inside cells, fatty acids (FA) are usually connected to a molecule of the tri-hydroxy (tri-alcohol) compound glycerol. Once again water is removed, this time producing an ester bond (acid + alcohol, draw, see top right corner of lipids handout). If all 3 OH 's on the glycerol are substituted with FA ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... inoculation time to control flasks and to flasks supplemented with 10mM-unlabelled inorganic phosphate. Samples (250 pl) of the culture were filtered through Whatman GF/A glass-fibre filters and the filtrates were collected. Intracellular radioactive phosphate was measured on the dried filters,and e ...
... inoculation time to control flasks and to flasks supplemented with 10mM-unlabelled inorganic phosphate. Samples (250 pl) of the culture were filtered through Whatman GF/A glass-fibre filters and the filtrates were collected. Intracellular radioactive phosphate was measured on the dried filters,and e ...
Exercise and Cellular Respiration
... Mechanisms for ATP generation in the muscle 1. Aerobic oxidation of substrates (carbohydrates and fatty acids) 2. The anaerobic hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) 3. Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid ...
... Mechanisms for ATP generation in the muscle 1. Aerobic oxidation of substrates (carbohydrates and fatty acids) 2. The anaerobic hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) 3. Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid ...
Zhan-3-Enzyme
... found catalyzing the committed (rate-limiting) step of a pathway. Allosteric enzymes are regulated by molecules called effectors that bind noncovalently at a site other than the active site. Effectors can be either positive or negative. An allosteric effector can alter the affinity of the enzyme for ...
... found catalyzing the committed (rate-limiting) step of a pathway. Allosteric enzymes are regulated by molecules called effectors that bind noncovalently at a site other than the active site. Effectors can be either positive or negative. An allosteric effector can alter the affinity of the enzyme for ...
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase
... The methanol extract of plant was examined for AChE inhibitory activities at concentration of 250 mg/l and were dissolved in a base-tris (0.05 M) buffer, following the spectrophotometric method developed by Ellman et al. (1961). In this method, to a 1 cm path length glass cell, were added in order, ...
... The methanol extract of plant was examined for AChE inhibitory activities at concentration of 250 mg/l and were dissolved in a base-tris (0.05 M) buffer, following the spectrophotometric method developed by Ellman et al. (1961). In this method, to a 1 cm path length glass cell, were added in order, ...
Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges
... molecular weight (greater than 10 kDa) has good viscoelasticity, moisture retention, and mucoadhesion, – qualities desirable in the areas of ophthalmology, orthopedics, wound healing, and cosmetics. Whereas, HA with a relatively low molecular weight (2-3.5 kDa) or HA oligosaccharides (10-20 sugars i ...
... molecular weight (greater than 10 kDa) has good viscoelasticity, moisture retention, and mucoadhesion, – qualities desirable in the areas of ophthalmology, orthopedics, wound healing, and cosmetics. Whereas, HA with a relatively low molecular weight (2-3.5 kDa) or HA oligosaccharides (10-20 sugars i ...
Non-Essential Amino Acids
... stimulates protein synthesis and boosts fat oxidation. Overweight patients generally have lower STH concentrations, which often hinders weight reduction.1 Unfortunately, the growth hormone is very expensive (approximately GBP 400–650 for a monthly ration) and must be injected under close and compete ...
... stimulates protein synthesis and boosts fat oxidation. Overweight patients generally have lower STH concentrations, which often hinders weight reduction.1 Unfortunately, the growth hormone is very expensive (approximately GBP 400–650 for a monthly ration) and must be injected under close and compete ...
Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Candidiasis
... and fatty acids; or it may be donated by acetyl CoA for the synthesis of acetylcholine and other compounds requiring this two-carbon molecule. Because of the efficiency of aldehyde oxidation, this toxin accumulates in the bloodstream only when its formation is excessively great and prolonged. Acetal ...
... and fatty acids; or it may be donated by acetyl CoA for the synthesis of acetylcholine and other compounds requiring this two-carbon molecule. Because of the efficiency of aldehyde oxidation, this toxin accumulates in the bloodstream only when its formation is excessively great and prolonged. Acetal ...
NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
Isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
... in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum but only the latter uses malonyl-CoA as a carbon donor [13]. ...
... in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum but only the latter uses malonyl-CoA as a carbon donor [13]. ...
α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit
... 3. Reaction Mix: Mix enough reagents for the number of assays to be performed. For each well, prepare 50 µl Mix containing: ...
... 3. Reaction Mix: Mix enough reagents for the number of assays to be performed. For each well, prepare 50 µl Mix containing: ...
Acetyl CoA
... The ubiquity of many of the common fatty acids and the vital roles they play, puts them into the class of primary metabolites. It is only the more unusual or uncommon fatty acids that can be considered as true secondary metabolites. Dr. Solomon Derese ...
... The ubiquity of many of the common fatty acids and the vital roles they play, puts them into the class of primary metabolites. It is only the more unusual or uncommon fatty acids that can be considered as true secondary metabolites. Dr. Solomon Derese ...
PROTEOLYSIS is the breakdown of protein to free amino acids
... 1. Proteins and polypeptides are not absorbed intact but must first be hydrolyzed to free amino acids. 2. Digestion of dietary protein is carried out by proteases (proteolytic enzymes), which are found in gastric and pancreatic juices and on the intestinal cell surface. a. Gastric juice (1) The hydr ...
... 1. Proteins and polypeptides are not absorbed intact but must first be hydrolyzed to free amino acids. 2. Digestion of dietary protein is carried out by proteases (proteolytic enzymes), which are found in gastric and pancreatic juices and on the intestinal cell surface. a. Gastric juice (1) The hydr ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes are converted from the inactive b-form into the active a form t ...
... the ‘ muscle ’, ‘ brain ’ and ‘ liver ’ isoenzymes according to the tissue in which they are preferentially expressed (reviewed in [33,34]). They are homodimers of subunits of E 100 kDa and are encoded by different genes. All isoenzymes are converted from the inactive b-form into the active a form t ...
39 Synthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids
... general, distinct from biosynthetic pathways. This allows for separate regulation of the anabolic and catabolic pathways. Because protein is a fuel, almost every amino acid will have a degradative pathway that can generate NADH, which is used as an electron source for oxidative phosphorylation. Howe ...
... general, distinct from biosynthetic pathways. This allows for separate regulation of the anabolic and catabolic pathways. Because protein is a fuel, almost every amino acid will have a degradative pathway that can generate NADH, which is used as an electron source for oxidative phosphorylation. Howe ...
Nutrition!!!
... The enzyme consists of three parts: a rotor, a knob, and a rod Current created by H+ causes the rotor and rod to ...
... The enzyme consists of three parts: a rotor, a knob, and a rod Current created by H+ causes the rotor and rod to ...
Enzymes
... • I can explain what it means for an enzyme to be specific, unchanged, and reusable. • I can recall the two ways enzymes are denatured. • I can identify the parts of an enzyme/substrate ...
... • I can explain what it means for an enzyme to be specific, unchanged, and reusable. • I can recall the two ways enzymes are denatured. • I can identify the parts of an enzyme/substrate ...
Constitutively Active CaMKKa Stimulates Skeletal Muscle
... remains intact (3). Thus, determination of the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake may identify novel pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in numerous cellular and metabolic processes ...
... remains intact (3). Thus, determination of the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake may identify novel pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in numerous cellular and metabolic processes ...
Accurate and Comprehensive Mapping of Multi-omic Data
... Pathways from multiple sources contain complementary information and together are able to provide a more comprehensive picture of biological processes. The ability to map the same entity with different identifiers through Agilent-BridgeDB enables powerful analysis of pathways simultaneously from mul ...
... Pathways from multiple sources contain complementary information and together are able to provide a more comprehensive picture of biological processes. The ability to map the same entity with different identifiers through Agilent-BridgeDB enables powerful analysis of pathways simultaneously from mul ...
proteins
... • 20 % of AA in portal blood are branched AA • In liver, most AA are utilized for synthesis of proteins, Glc, FA. • Val, Leu, Ile are not metabolized in liver due to the lack of aminotrasferases they predominate (70 %) in central circulation • High content of ammonia in portal blood is removed by ...
... • 20 % of AA in portal blood are branched AA • In liver, most AA are utilized for synthesis of proteins, Glc, FA. • Val, Leu, Ile are not metabolized in liver due to the lack of aminotrasferases they predominate (70 %) in central circulation • High content of ammonia in portal blood is removed by ...
" Enzymes "
... and alkaloid reagents. - Most enzymes are present in cells at much higher concentrations than in plasma. - Normal plasma levels reflect the balance between the synthesis and release of enzymes during ordinary cell turnover and their clearance from the circulation, therefore, enzymes can be used as m ...
... and alkaloid reagents. - Most enzymes are present in cells at much higher concentrations than in plasma. - Normal plasma levels reflect the balance between the synthesis and release of enzymes during ordinary cell turnover and their clearance from the circulation, therefore, enzymes can be used as m ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑