Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects
... the second part of glycolysis. Moreover, the substrate PEP and the product pyruvate are involved in a number of energetic and biosynthetic pathways and the tight regulation of PK activity has been shown to be of great importance not only for glycolysis itself, but also for the entire cellular metabo ...
... the second part of glycolysis. Moreover, the substrate PEP and the product pyruvate are involved in a number of energetic and biosynthetic pathways and the tight regulation of PK activity has been shown to be of great importance not only for glycolysis itself, but also for the entire cellular metabo ...
Metabolome Phenotyping of Inorganic Carbon Limitation in Cells of
... metabolism, was indicated by synergistic accumulation of the fumarate, malate, and 2-phosphoglycolate pools and a transient increase of 3-phosphoglycerate. The unexpected accumulation of 2OG with a concomitant decrease of glutamine pointed toward reduced nitrogen availability when cells are confront ...
... metabolism, was indicated by synergistic accumulation of the fumarate, malate, and 2-phosphoglycolate pools and a transient increase of 3-phosphoglycerate. The unexpected accumulation of 2OG with a concomitant decrease of glutamine pointed toward reduced nitrogen availability when cells are confront ...
Enzymes - JLooby Biology
... inorganic catalyst of iron filings, and just 1 kJ mol-1 in the presence of the enzyme catalase. The activation energy is actually the energy required to form the transition state, so enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilising the transition state, and they do this by changing the conditions ...
... inorganic catalyst of iron filings, and just 1 kJ mol-1 in the presence of the enzyme catalase. The activation energy is actually the energy required to form the transition state, so enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilising the transition state, and they do this by changing the conditions ...
No Slide Title
... • The positive heterotropic activator, N-acetylglutamate, is required for activity. • Brings one C atom and one N atom into the urea cycle as a carbamoyl group. • Catalyzes the critical step in removing NH4+ from the blood. ...
... • The positive heterotropic activator, N-acetylglutamate, is required for activity. • Brings one C atom and one N atom into the urea cycle as a carbamoyl group. • Catalyzes the critical step in removing NH4+ from the blood. ...
the science of weight loss - Beyond
... • Scientists at Brown University Medical school became interested in P57 because it is an anoretic ; and believed it might shed some light on this question. • They found the appetite - suppressing and mood enhancing property – (ten thousand times as active as glucose). • The P57 compound found in Ho ...
... • Scientists at Brown University Medical school became interested in P57 because it is an anoretic ; and believed it might shed some light on this question. • They found the appetite - suppressing and mood enhancing property – (ten thousand times as active as glucose). • The P57 compound found in Ho ...
Biochemistry for the Radiation Biologist
... currency Adenosine triphosphate is a readily available compound in almost all cells The terminal phosphoanhydride linkage (and the previous one) can be hydrolyzed, yielding energy: ATP + H2O ADP + Pi, Go ~ -30 kJ mol-1 Energy drives other reactions, performs mechanical work in molecular machines ...
... currency Adenosine triphosphate is a readily available compound in almost all cells The terminal phosphoanhydride linkage (and the previous one) can be hydrolyzed, yielding energy: ATP + H2O ADP + Pi, Go ~ -30 kJ mol-1 Energy drives other reactions, performs mechanical work in molecular machines ...
Stored Triglycerides (Fat)
... The water-soluble glycerol molecule formed from lipolysis can diffuse from the adipocytes into the circulation. The liver can use the glycerol in the circulation to form glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycerol is accepted as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, which degrades to pyruvate to be oxidized for AT ...
... The water-soluble glycerol molecule formed from lipolysis can diffuse from the adipocytes into the circulation. The liver can use the glycerol in the circulation to form glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycerol is accepted as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, which degrades to pyruvate to be oxidized for AT ...
The Complete Oxidation of Palmitate Yields 106 Molecules of ATP
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. ...
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. ...
IN VIVO CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM PLANT AGAINST CCL INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE ANIMAL MODEL
... haemorrhages and dilatation .The liver sections of silymarin treated rats showed a normal hepatic architecture with normal hepatocytes. Whereas the rats treated with test methanolic extract of C. epithymum at doses of 100 mg/kg b.w 200 mg/kg b.w and 400 mg/kg b.w showed recovery from CCl4 induced li ...
... haemorrhages and dilatation .The liver sections of silymarin treated rats showed a normal hepatic architecture with normal hepatocytes. Whereas the rats treated with test methanolic extract of C. epithymum at doses of 100 mg/kg b.w 200 mg/kg b.w and 400 mg/kg b.w showed recovery from CCl4 induced li ...
Oncogenic regulation of tumor metabolic reprogramming
... respond to the specific cellular needs which, in turn, may vary depending on the cell type and proliferative state. Despite the fact that there are several metabolic similarities between tumor and highly proliferating nontransformed cells (reviewed in [18]), oncogenic regulation and tumor microenvir ...
... respond to the specific cellular needs which, in turn, may vary depending on the cell type and proliferative state. Despite the fact that there are several metabolic similarities between tumor and highly proliferating nontransformed cells (reviewed in [18]), oncogenic regulation and tumor microenvir ...
IEMs Emergency Management
... elicited by tapping the tip of the nose. – SIDS has been reported. – Intellect is usually normal. ...
... elicited by tapping the tip of the nose. – SIDS has been reported. – Intellect is usually normal. ...
Molecular basis of cardiac efficiency
... showed increased mitochondrial production of hydrogen peroxide and increased levels of 4-hydroxy-2nonenal. As hydrogen peroxide production in isolated heart mitochondria is higher with palmitoyl carnitine as the substrate than with pyruvate, and because superoxide and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal can directl ...
... showed increased mitochondrial production of hydrogen peroxide and increased levels of 4-hydroxy-2nonenal. As hydrogen peroxide production in isolated heart mitochondria is higher with palmitoyl carnitine as the substrate than with pyruvate, and because superoxide and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal can directl ...
Course Home - Haldia Institute of Technology
... carbohydrates; Metabolic pathways for breakdown of carbohydrates: glycolytic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, ATP balance, gluconeogenesis; General chemistry of lipids; Essential fatty acids; Digestion & absorption of lipids. Module IV (10L): Vitamins ...
... carbohydrates; Metabolic pathways for breakdown of carbohydrates: glycolytic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, ATP balance, gluconeogenesis; General chemistry of lipids; Essential fatty acids; Digestion & absorption of lipids. Module IV (10L): Vitamins ...
Effects of Free Fatty Acid Elevation on Postabsorptive
... levation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations is often associated with obesity (1) and type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might ...
... levation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations is often associated with obesity (1) and type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might ...
lecture6
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. 22.3.1. An Isomerase and a Reductase Are Required for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids The oxidation of unsaturat ...
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. 22.3.1. An Isomerase and a Reductase Are Required for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids The oxidation of unsaturat ...
Document
... 34) All of the following are non-protein electron carriers EXCEPT A) FADH2. B) FMNH2. C) cytochromes. D) quinones. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Chapter Section: 3.10 35) Which two metabolic processes are MOST dissimilar? A) citric acid cycle and glycolysis B) glycolysis and gluconeogen ...
... 34) All of the following are non-protein electron carriers EXCEPT A) FADH2. B) FMNH2. C) cytochromes. D) quinones. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Chapter Section: 3.10 35) Which two metabolic processes are MOST dissimilar? A) citric acid cycle and glycolysis B) glycolysis and gluconeogen ...
Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Technology, Imatra, Finland ’s Degree Bachelor
... The primary consideration in the production of any enzyme is the choice of source. There are three kinds of raw materials that can be used, which are animal organs, plant materials and micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi and yeast). For the animal organs, the low temperature must be kept to protect act ...
... The primary consideration in the production of any enzyme is the choice of source. There are three kinds of raw materials that can be used, which are animal organs, plant materials and micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi and yeast). For the animal organs, the low temperature must be kept to protect act ...
Basic information on pathways
... biochemical reactions including methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, creatine etc. Step II: SAMe, once it donates its methyl group to the various reactions, gets converted to SAH. Step III: SAH in turn is metabolized to homocysteine by the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteinehydrogenase (SAHH). This reaction ...
... biochemical reactions including methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, creatine etc. Step II: SAMe, once it donates its methyl group to the various reactions, gets converted to SAH. Step III: SAH in turn is metabolized to homocysteine by the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteinehydrogenase (SAHH). This reaction ...
Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden
... ocean (circa 4.3 Ga years ago) or of the atmosphere (Baross 1998). It should be noted, however, that the notion that the first microorganisms were hyperthermophiles is not universally accepted. For example, others have argued that hyperthermophiles may have evolved from mesophilic ancestors, based o ...
... ocean (circa 4.3 Ga years ago) or of the atmosphere (Baross 1998). It should be noted, however, that the notion that the first microorganisms were hyperthermophiles is not universally accepted. For example, others have argued that hyperthermophiles may have evolved from mesophilic ancestors, based o ...
Document
... • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds (Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen) • Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (synthesis of protein from amino acids) ...
... • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds (Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen) • Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (synthesis of protein from amino acids) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑