Fatty acid composition of some common oils and fats from plant
... Initial assembly of 2C pieces uses a series of Claisen condensations ...
... Initial assembly of 2C pieces uses a series of Claisen condensations ...
1 PERKINELMER™ LIFE SCIENCES, INC. OLIGONUCLEOTIDE 5
... fragments to be used as hybridization probes. Another advantage of oligonucleotide probes is that they can be designed to detect single base changes (mutations) in a gene1-5. This is an especially useful property, by adjusting the conditions of the hybridization and washes (high stringency), only pr ...
... fragments to be used as hybridization probes. Another advantage of oligonucleotide probes is that they can be designed to detect single base changes (mutations) in a gene1-5. This is an especially useful property, by adjusting the conditions of the hybridization and washes (high stringency), only pr ...
Chapter 7 - Metabolism
... a. energy, fatty acids b. glucose, acetyl CoA c. oxygen, lactate d. glycogen, glucose Copyright © 2011, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
... a. energy, fatty acids b. glucose, acetyl CoA c. oxygen, lactate d. glycogen, glucose Copyright © 2011, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... A. Synthesis of ketone bodies by the liver: ketogenesis 2. Synthesis of the ketone bodies: HMG CoA is cleaved to produce acetoacetate and acetyl CoA. Acetoacetate can be reduced to form 3-hydroxybutyrate with NADH as the hydrogen donor. Acetoacetate can also spontaneously decarboxylate in the ...
... A. Synthesis of ketone bodies by the liver: ketogenesis 2. Synthesis of the ketone bodies: HMG CoA is cleaved to produce acetoacetate and acetyl CoA. Acetoacetate can be reduced to form 3-hydroxybutyrate with NADH as the hydrogen donor. Acetoacetate can also spontaneously decarboxylate in the ...
free energy
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E ...
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E ...
Case 26 The Role of Specific Amino Acids in the Peptide Hormone
... primarily on the liver where binding to specific extracellular receptors stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with subsequent release of glucose from the liver for the benefit of other body tissues. Glucagon is counter-regulatory to insulin which is secreted by pancreatic $-cells and stimul ...
... primarily on the liver where binding to specific extracellular receptors stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with subsequent release of glucose from the liver for the benefit of other body tissues. Glucagon is counter-regulatory to insulin which is secreted by pancreatic $-cells and stimul ...
Severe Phenotype of Phosphorylase Kinase-Deficient Liver
... in childhood analyzed previously all had PHKG2 mutations. This suggested that this genotype may generally cause a more severe clinical manifestation, but to date PHKG2 mutations have been identified in only seven patients. Here, we report mutation analysis in three new patients with liver phosphoryl ...
... in childhood analyzed previously all had PHKG2 mutations. This suggested that this genotype may generally cause a more severe clinical manifestation, but to date PHKG2 mutations have been identified in only seven patients. Here, we report mutation analysis in three new patients with liver phosphoryl ...
PPT File
... disrupts bonds, disrupts 3D shape disrupts attractions between charged amino acids affect 2° & 3° structure ...
... disrupts bonds, disrupts 3D shape disrupts attractions between charged amino acids affect 2° & 3° structure ...
Chapter 8
... The key, Nobel Prize winning, experiment was performed in 1939 by Krebs and Johnston who incubated OAA plus pyruvate together with muscle mince in the absence of oxygen. Because there was no O2 present no oxidative metabolism could occur. They discovered that citrate accumulated in the reaction mixt ...
... The key, Nobel Prize winning, experiment was performed in 1939 by Krebs and Johnston who incubated OAA plus pyruvate together with muscle mince in the absence of oxygen. Because there was no O2 present no oxidative metabolism could occur. They discovered that citrate accumulated in the reaction mixt ...
7. Making and storing fat and retrieving it to supply energy
... are degraded to form CO2 in the mitochondria. CO2 is removed from the body by breathing, and it ultimately goes to the atmosphere. Two types of cells are notable in that they do not use fat as a fuel. Red blood cells (RBC’s) have no mitochondria and consequently RBC’S do not use fat. Brain has mitoc ...
... are degraded to form CO2 in the mitochondria. CO2 is removed from the body by breathing, and it ultimately goes to the atmosphere. Two types of cells are notable in that they do not use fat as a fuel. Red blood cells (RBC’s) have no mitochondria and consequently RBC’S do not use fat. Brain has mitoc ...
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes
... ex: some anti-cancer drugs inhibit enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleotides & therefore in building of DNA = stop DNA production, stop division of more cancer cells ex: heavy metal poisoning ex: cyanide poisoning ...
... ex: some anti-cancer drugs inhibit enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleotides & therefore in building of DNA = stop DNA production, stop division of more cancer cells ex: heavy metal poisoning ex: cyanide poisoning ...
The Role of the Krebs Cycle in Conjugation in
... It was found that the recombination rate varied directly with the concentration of aspartic acid within the range 1-80 pg./ml. Concentrations below 1 pg./ml. had no detectable effect on the recombination rate, whilst those between 80 pg. and 200 pg./ml. did not produce a further increase in the numb ...
... It was found that the recombination rate varied directly with the concentration of aspartic acid within the range 1-80 pg./ml. Concentrations below 1 pg./ml. had no detectable effect on the recombination rate, whilst those between 80 pg. and 200 pg./ml. did not produce a further increase in the numb ...
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes
... ex: some anti-cancer drugs inhibit enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleotides & therefore in building of DNA = stop DNA production, stop division of more cancer cells ex: heavy metal poisoning ex: cyanide poisoning ...
... ex: some anti-cancer drugs inhibit enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleotides & therefore in building of DNA = stop DNA production, stop division of more cancer cells ex: heavy metal poisoning ex: cyanide poisoning ...
Fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue
... 1981). Ruminant tissues, therefore, have some potential for utilizing glucose as a fatty acid precursor but acetate is preferentially accepted, even in the above situations, as the C source for lipogenesis. Investigations have been made to identify the rate-limiting step(s) in the conversion of gluc ...
... 1981). Ruminant tissues, therefore, have some potential for utilizing glucose as a fatty acid precursor but acetate is preferentially accepted, even in the above situations, as the C source for lipogenesis. Investigations have been made to identify the rate-limiting step(s) in the conversion of gluc ...
Fatty acids: Review
... -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-oxidation -As the oxidation machinery chews off 2-carbon fragments, it nibbles down to one of two ...
... -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-oxidation -As the oxidation machinery chews off 2-carbon fragments, it nibbles down to one of two ...
Unit: Enzymes II
... is that the depletion of the substrate is observable. (If a sample had an extremely high enzyme concentration, after a relatively short period of time the reaction rate would begin decreasing.) Continuous monitoring is used most commonly with those enzymes in which changes in NADH or NADPH are measu ...
... is that the depletion of the substrate is observable. (If a sample had an extremely high enzyme concentration, after a relatively short period of time the reaction rate would begin decreasing.) Continuous monitoring is used most commonly with those enzymes in which changes in NADH or NADPH are measu ...
The Mechanism of Propionic Acid Formation by
... 2 with glucose as substrate. The explanation seems to be that he absorbed the CO, produced in his lactate fermentations, and added CaCO, to neutralize the acid produced during the glucose dissimilation. Foote, Fred & Peterson (1930), in glucose fermentation experiments with propionibacteria, did not ...
... 2 with glucose as substrate. The explanation seems to be that he absorbed the CO, produced in his lactate fermentations, and added CaCO, to neutralize the acid produced during the glucose dissimilation. Foote, Fred & Peterson (1930), in glucose fermentation experiments with propionibacteria, did not ...
A metabolic link to skeletal muscle wasting and regeneration
... cycle where the acetyl group is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate. Through a series of well described reactions (Figure 1), citrate is converted first into its structural isomer, isocitrate and then α-ketoglutarate; reactions that lead to the production of NADH, H+ and CO2 . Further decarb ...
... cycle where the acetyl group is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate. Through a series of well described reactions (Figure 1), citrate is converted first into its structural isomer, isocitrate and then α-ketoglutarate; reactions that lead to the production of NADH, H+ and CO2 . Further decarb ...
Uric acid
... PRPP amidotransferase catalyzes this step. This is the first committed step in de novo synthesis of purines. This step adds an amine from glutamine to PRPP. ...
... PRPP amidotransferase catalyzes this step. This is the first committed step in de novo synthesis of purines. This step adds an amine from glutamine to PRPP. ...
Genome-Based Metabolic Mapping and C Flux
... autotrophic and heterotrophic growth with rapid lipid synthesis, is a promising candidate for biofuel production. Based on the newly available genome knowledge of the alga, we reconstructed the compartmentalized metabolic network consisting of 272 metabolic reactions, 270 enzymes, and 461 encoding g ...
... autotrophic and heterotrophic growth with rapid lipid synthesis, is a promising candidate for biofuel production. Based on the newly available genome knowledge of the alga, we reconstructed the compartmentalized metabolic network consisting of 272 metabolic reactions, 270 enzymes, and 461 encoding g ...
the drink that protects against liver disease
... diseased livers, Dr French was able to show over-production of p15 and p21. Interestingly, Dr French and his team have shown that more than 600 genes are over-expressed and 100 genes are underexpressed in alcoholic hepatitis. ...
... diseased livers, Dr French was able to show over-production of p15 and p21. Interestingly, Dr French and his team have shown that more than 600 genes are over-expressed and 100 genes are underexpressed in alcoholic hepatitis. ...
Are there errors in glycogen biosynthesis and is laforin a repair
... of catalytic errors has addressed the biosynthesis of information-rich biopolymers, like DNA [10], RNA [11] and proteins [12], for which a “correct” product can be defined. Errors occur when an incongruent base or amino acid, not directed by the coding polymer, is incorporated. Such events can be co ...
... of catalytic errors has addressed the biosynthesis of information-rich biopolymers, like DNA [10], RNA [11] and proteins [12], for which a “correct” product can be defined. Errors occur when an incongruent base or amino acid, not directed by the coding polymer, is incorporated. Such events can be co ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Biotin Conclusion and Discussion
... • allows biotin to move from one active site to ...
... • allows biotin to move from one active site to ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑