Introduction
... side chains of specific amino acid residues and also can be produced by the corresponding free amino acids. 1.1. Biuret reaction Principle of the method. It is a qualitative reaction of a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). This reaction is produced by any compound having at least 2 peptide linkages in its mole ...
... side chains of specific amino acid residues and also can be produced by the corresponding free amino acids. 1.1. Biuret reaction Principle of the method. It is a qualitative reaction of a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). This reaction is produced by any compound having at least 2 peptide linkages in its mole ...
Modular Architecture of Metabolic Pathways Revealed by
... different metabolic pathways. We used the following procedure to extract such conserved patterns (see the Supporting Information for more details). Known metabolic pathways in the KEGG PATHWAY database are split into all possible subsequences of 2−8 consecutive reactions. The pathways involving branc ...
... different metabolic pathways. We used the following procedure to extract such conserved patterns (see the Supporting Information for more details). Known metabolic pathways in the KEGG PATHWAY database are split into all possible subsequences of 2−8 consecutive reactions. The pathways involving branc ...
Enzymes
... Synthesis of new enzyme molecule • Enzyme concentration is much lower than the concentration of substrate. The rate of an enzymecatalyzed reaction is directly dependent upon the enzyme concentration. • Induction by substrate or repression by product (on the level of transcription) – xenobiotics → i ...
... Synthesis of new enzyme molecule • Enzyme concentration is much lower than the concentration of substrate. The rate of an enzymecatalyzed reaction is directly dependent upon the enzyme concentration. • Induction by substrate or repression by product (on the level of transcription) – xenobiotics → i ...
ENZYMES
... shape. The overall 3D shape of an enzyme molecule is very important: if it is altered, the enzyme cannot bind to its substrate and so cannot function. Enzyme shape is maintained by hydrogen bonds and ionic forces. Enzymes have several important properties: Enzymes are specific: each enzyme usually ...
... shape. The overall 3D shape of an enzyme molecule is very important: if it is altered, the enzyme cannot bind to its substrate and so cannot function. Enzyme shape is maintained by hydrogen bonds and ionic forces. Enzymes have several important properties: Enzymes are specific: each enzyme usually ...
N x C (N-2)
... former depends upon the rate at which various organelles reach the bottom of the centrifuge tube to form a pellet. Organelles that do not reach the bottom so rapidly remain in the supernatant. On the next page a schematic of how differential centrifugation can be use to separate various organelles i ...
... former depends upon the rate at which various organelles reach the bottom of the centrifuge tube to form a pellet. Organelles that do not reach the bottom so rapidly remain in the supernatant. On the next page a schematic of how differential centrifugation can be use to separate various organelles i ...
PowerPoint
... AG tends to be less than the decrease in the HCO3. In L-lactic acidosis where the increase in the AG tends to be greater than the reduction in the bicarb. ...
... AG tends to be less than the decrease in the HCO3. In L-lactic acidosis where the increase in the AG tends to be greater than the reduction in the bicarb. ...
Solutions to 7.012 Problem Set 2
... of Km is proportional to the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme and is thus of significant physiological relevance. c) The above graph only describes a specific enzymatic reaction at a single given concentration of the enzyme. Qualitatively, what would one expect to happen to Vmax if the amoun ...
... of Km is proportional to the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme and is thus of significant physiological relevance. c) The above graph only describes a specific enzymatic reaction at a single given concentration of the enzyme. Qualitatively, what would one expect to happen to Vmax if the amoun ...
A “random steady state” model for the pyruvate dehydrogenase and
... stoichiometry for catalysis. This ratio corresponds to a 2:1 E1:E3 catalytic units at each vertex subcomplex and over the whole enzyme complex. kMech, a mathematical modeling tool for complex enzyme mechanisms, was previously described [10] and applied to the biosynthesis of the branched chain amin ...
... stoichiometry for catalysis. This ratio corresponds to a 2:1 E1:E3 catalytic units at each vertex subcomplex and over the whole enzyme complex. kMech, a mathematical modeling tool for complex enzyme mechanisms, was previously described [10] and applied to the biosynthesis of the branched chain amin ...
Amino Acid Degradation
... Glucogenic amino acids are broken down into one of the following metabolites: pyruvate, αketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate or oxaloacetate. Ketogenic amino acids are broken down into acetoacetate or acetyl-CoA. Larger amino acids, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and threonine are ...
... Glucogenic amino acids are broken down into one of the following metabolites: pyruvate, αketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate or oxaloacetate. Ketogenic amino acids are broken down into acetoacetate or acetyl-CoA. Larger amino acids, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and threonine are ...
Ch 6 LIPID METABOLISM - FORMATTED - NSDL
... from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic properties, and distribution. Apoproteins not only make lipid transport possible in plasma ...
... from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic properties, and distribution. Apoproteins not only make lipid transport possible in plasma ...
Decreased Complete Oxidation Capacity of Fatty Acid in the Liver of
... acetyltransferase 2 and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2, those enzymes involved in fatty acid degradation, were decreased in the liver tissues of ketotic cows, which suggested that the ability to utilize fatty acids to produce CO2, H2O and ATP was decreased (Xu and Wang, 2008). As a consequen ...
... acetyltransferase 2 and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2, those enzymes involved in fatty acid degradation, were decreased in the liver tissues of ketotic cows, which suggested that the ability to utilize fatty acids to produce CO2, H2O and ATP was decreased (Xu and Wang, 2008). As a consequen ...
Biochemical Thermodynamics
... Living organisms consist of collections of molecules much more highly organized as well as synthesized into polymers or assembled into compartments of water soluble and water insoluble mediums than the surrounding materials from which they are constructed, and organisms maintain and produce order, s ...
... Living organisms consist of collections of molecules much more highly organized as well as synthesized into polymers or assembled into compartments of water soluble and water insoluble mediums than the surrounding materials from which they are constructed, and organisms maintain and produce order, s ...
Kinetic mechanism of the dimeric ATP sulfurylase from plants
... supply methionine, glutathione, iron–sulfur clusters, vitamin cofactors such as biotin and thiamin, and multiple specialized metabolites such as glucosinolates [1,2,5,6]. The first enzymatic reaction in the sulfur assimilation pathway of plants is the non-reductive adenylation of sulfate catalysed b ...
... supply methionine, glutathione, iron–sulfur clusters, vitamin cofactors such as biotin and thiamin, and multiple specialized metabolites such as glucosinolates [1,2,5,6]. The first enzymatic reaction in the sulfur assimilation pathway of plants is the non-reductive adenylation of sulfate catalysed b ...
Cellular Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance
... • Loss of the storage capacity of adipose tissue, such as in lipodystrophy, leads to increased lipid stores in other tissues (ectopic fat). • Lipid oversupply results in altered/incomplete FFA oxidation. • Specific FA metabolites can have deleterious effects on cellular function, including secretion ...
... • Loss of the storage capacity of adipose tissue, such as in lipodystrophy, leads to increased lipid stores in other tissues (ectopic fat). • Lipid oversupply results in altered/incomplete FFA oxidation. • Specific FA metabolites can have deleterious effects on cellular function, including secretion ...
Benchmarking two commonly used Saccharomyces
... The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used eukaryotic model organism and a key cell factory for production of biofuels and wide range of chemicals. From the broad palette of available yeast strains, the most popular are those derived from laboratory strain S288c and the industrially relevan ...
... The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used eukaryotic model organism and a key cell factory for production of biofuels and wide range of chemicals. From the broad palette of available yeast strains, the most popular are those derived from laboratory strain S288c and the industrially relevan ...
Cholesterol and Heart Disease
... cholesterol – Statin drugs inhibit pathway to producing cholesterol – When combined with diet and bile acid-binding resins +/- patients are reduced to normal levels – This same strategy helps people that arent FH – The only people who don’t benefit are FH -/- ...
... cholesterol – Statin drugs inhibit pathway to producing cholesterol – When combined with diet and bile acid-binding resins +/- patients are reduced to normal levels – This same strategy helps people that arent FH – The only people who don’t benefit are FH -/- ...
Intragastric Feeding in Type I Glycogen Storage Disease
... and children with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (4, 5, 7, 8, 9). Our own expegence with the nocturnal intr@&tric feeding Continuous nocturnal intragastric feeding, combined with fre- regimen has been consistent with the improvement in growth quent daytime feedings, has been reported to improve bo ...
... and children with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (4, 5, 7, 8, 9). Our own expegence with the nocturnal intr@&tric feeding Continuous nocturnal intragastric feeding, combined with fre- regimen has been consistent with the improvement in growth quent daytime feedings, has been reported to improve bo ...
Source–Sink Relationships
... degraded and the products of starch breakdown used for sucrose synthesis and export. Sufficient assimilate is stored in the leaves during the day to provide a constant supply of sucrose in the subsequent night, thus avoiding large diurnal fluctuations between supply from the source leaves. Sugars and a ...
... degraded and the products of starch breakdown used for sucrose synthesis and export. Sufficient assimilate is stored in the leaves during the day to provide a constant supply of sucrose in the subsequent night, thus avoiding large diurnal fluctuations between supply from the source leaves. Sugars and a ...
![K m + [S]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008289247_1-97eed219b6e242b1a447e591c5c01f05-300x300.png)
K m + [S]
... • Rate of synthesis and degradation determine enzyme quantity. The quantity of an enzyme in a cell may be increased either by elevating its rate of synthesis, by decreasing its rate of degradation, or by both. Cells can synthesize specific enzymes in response to changing metabolic needs, a process r ...
... • Rate of synthesis and degradation determine enzyme quantity. The quantity of an enzyme in a cell may be increased either by elevating its rate of synthesis, by decreasing its rate of degradation, or by both. Cells can synthesize specific enzymes in response to changing metabolic needs, a process r ...
Bypassing the glucose/fatty acid cycle: AMP
... response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully understood, although there is evidence that at least part of the action of leptin on AMPK may involve a nucleotideindependen ...
... response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully understood, although there is evidence that at least part of the action of leptin on AMPK may involve a nucleotideindependen ...
Sensing the fat: Fatty acid metabolism in the
... which is an allosteric activator of ACC. Increased malonylCoA concentration inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1, also carnitine acyltransferase 1), which is the enzyme that translocates LCFAs into mitochondria and makes their oxidation possible [28,32,40,41]. Under physiological conditi ...
... which is an allosteric activator of ACC. Increased malonylCoA concentration inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1, also carnitine acyltransferase 1), which is the enzyme that translocates LCFAs into mitochondria and makes their oxidation possible [28,32,40,41]. Under physiological conditi ...
Energy metabolism in the mantle muscle of the squid
... b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in m u s c l e g l u c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s is seen in the e x e r c i s e d state. O f h e x o s e m o n o phosphates, only glucose-6-P concentrations changed s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m r e s t ...
... b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in m u s c l e g l u c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s is seen in the e x e r c i s e d state. O f h e x o s e m o n o phosphates, only glucose-6-P concentrations changed s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m r e s t ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑