Cellular Energy
... Energy is stored in the ATP molecule ATP: adenosine triphosphate Made up of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups ...
... Energy is stored in the ATP molecule ATP: adenosine triphosphate Made up of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups ...
Name ______ Period ______________ Date ______________
... C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O __glucose comes from photosynthesis (autotrophs) and eating (heterotrophs); oxygen comes from the atmosphere and is released as a waste product of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide comes from animals exhaling; water comes from the atmosphere/precipitation 2. What is the role ...
... C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O __glucose comes from photosynthesis (autotrophs) and eating (heterotrophs); oxygen comes from the atmosphere and is released as a waste product of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide comes from animals exhaling; water comes from the atmosphere/precipitation 2. What is the role ...
Spotlight on Metabolism Ans
... that build compounds, such as protein or glycogen. Catabolism is the breakdown of compounds to yield energy. ...
... that build compounds, such as protein or glycogen. Catabolism is the breakdown of compounds to yield energy. ...
15_intro-to
... pathway in a steady state is more or less constant • A steady state far from equilibrium is thermodynamically efficient because only a nonequilibrium process can perform work • The flux of intermediates in a pathway is set by the rate-determining step ...
... pathway in a steady state is more or less constant • A steady state far from equilibrium is thermodynamically efficient because only a nonequilibrium process can perform work • The flux of intermediates in a pathway is set by the rate-determining step ...
Biology 5.3 Cellular Respiration
... The total amount of ATP that a cell is able to harvest from each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis depends on the presence or absence of oxygen. Cells use energy most efficiently when oxygen is present. In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glyco ...
... The total amount of ATP that a cell is able to harvest from each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis depends on the presence or absence of oxygen. Cells use energy most efficiently when oxygen is present. In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glyco ...
Cellular Respiration Review
... Reward= 2 ATP for glycolysis. Lactic acid fermentation: Only one step in lactic acid/lactate fermentation: the conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis into 2 lactates. Like alcoholic fermentation, NADH gives up its hydrogen to form NAD+ which can be recycled and used in glycolysis ...
... Reward= 2 ATP for glycolysis. Lactic acid fermentation: Only one step in lactic acid/lactate fermentation: the conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis into 2 lactates. Like alcoholic fermentation, NADH gives up its hydrogen to form NAD+ which can be recycled and used in glycolysis ...
Chemistry 160 Homework 1
... 4. Describe Hydrogen bonds. Give an example. 5. What is the velcro effect? 6. Using a diagram, show how sodium chloride dissolves in water. 7. Define amphipathic. Give an example of an amphipathic molecule. 8. Diagram and explain how soaps work. 9. Define chemical equilibrium. 10. Write equilibrium ...
... 4. Describe Hydrogen bonds. Give an example. 5. What is the velcro effect? 6. Using a diagram, show how sodium chloride dissolves in water. 7. Define amphipathic. Give an example of an amphipathic molecule. 8. Diagram and explain how soaps work. 9. Define chemical equilibrium. 10. Write equilibrium ...
Carbohydrate metabolism2
... 4.In the fed state, most glucose is used to synthesize glycogen, which acts as a store of glucose for use in exercise, 'preloading' with glucose is used by some long-distance athletes to build up stores of glycogen. 5.Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, whereas glucagon does no ...
... 4.In the fed state, most glucose is used to synthesize glycogen, which acts as a store of glucose for use in exercise, 'preloading' with glucose is used by some long-distance athletes to build up stores of glycogen. 5.Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, whereas glucagon does no ...
Citric Acid Cycle 2
... What is the thermodynamic driving force for formation of citrate? High levels of oxaloacetate C-C bond formation through condensation Loss of carbon dioxide Hydrolysis of a high energy bond ...
... What is the thermodynamic driving force for formation of citrate? High levels of oxaloacetate C-C bond formation through condensation Loss of carbon dioxide Hydrolysis of a high energy bond ...
2 ATP - HONORS BIOLOGY
... Respiration = to breathe Breathing at the cellular level Purpose: to generate ATP for cellular work by transferring the energy trapped in food molecules HOW: Food molecules are broken down and the energy released as energyized electrons is captured and transferred to make ATP Uses Hydrogen Acceptors ...
... Respiration = to breathe Breathing at the cellular level Purpose: to generate ATP for cellular work by transferring the energy trapped in food molecules HOW: Food molecules are broken down and the energy released as energyized electrons is captured and transferred to make ATP Uses Hydrogen Acceptors ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... along, their energy is used to pump H+ ions out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space creating a Conc. Gradient The only way back into the matrix for H+ ions is through a protein called ATP Synthase. As H+ move through ATP Synthase like water through a dam, energy is used to convert ADP to ...
... along, their energy is used to pump H+ ions out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space creating a Conc. Gradient The only way back into the matrix for H+ ions is through a protein called ATP Synthase. As H+ move through ATP Synthase like water through a dam, energy is used to convert ADP to ...
4 ATP - OoCities
... - same for aerobic or anaerobic as glycolysis does not involve O2 - 2 ATP are used to activate glucose by phosphorylation - 6-C glucose breaks down to 2 3-C PGAL - series of reactions converts each 3-C PGAL to a 3-C pyruvate (pyruvic acid) - oxidation of metabolites results in 2 NADH2 molecules - en ...
... - same for aerobic or anaerobic as glycolysis does not involve O2 - 2 ATP are used to activate glucose by phosphorylation - 6-C glucose breaks down to 2 3-C PGAL - series of reactions converts each 3-C PGAL to a 3-C pyruvate (pyruvic acid) - oxidation of metabolites results in 2 NADH2 molecules - en ...
1. Fatty acids are broken down by the ß
... Addition of Compound X to isolated mitochondria quickly raises the ratio of reduced CoQ (QH2) to oxidized CoQ (Q). Which of the following proposed actions of Compound X is LEAST likely to account for this observation? A. ...
... Addition of Compound X to isolated mitochondria quickly raises the ratio of reduced CoQ (QH2) to oxidized CoQ (Q). Which of the following proposed actions of Compound X is LEAST likely to account for this observation? A. ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... Glucagon, a pancreatic hormone, signals low blood sugar and lowers the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the liver. This stimulates gluconeogenesis and the production of glucose. ...
... Glucagon, a pancreatic hormone, signals low blood sugar and lowers the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the liver. This stimulates gluconeogenesis and the production of glucose. ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
Anaerobic Pathways Lesson Plan
... enables intense exercises and does not cause acidosis because it is deprotonated o lactate thought to be the cause of muscle stiffness and soreness, but lactate levels in muscles return to normal within an hour after exercise o Reducing pyruvate to lactate consumes a proton (counters acidosis) o Aci ...
... enables intense exercises and does not cause acidosis because it is deprotonated o lactate thought to be the cause of muscle stiffness and soreness, but lactate levels in muscles return to normal within an hour after exercise o Reducing pyruvate to lactate consumes a proton (counters acidosis) o Aci ...
bch222 tutorial kit - Covenant University
... BCH 222: General Aspects of Metabolism CONTRIBUTORS: Dr. O.O. Ogunlana, Dr. Omotosho O. E. and Mrs. Rotimi A. O. 1. Define autotrophs and heterothrophs Authotrophs are organisms that have the ability to synthesize their own food. E.g plants and algae. They make their own food from inorganic substan ...
... BCH 222: General Aspects of Metabolism CONTRIBUTORS: Dr. O.O. Ogunlana, Dr. Omotosho O. E. and Mrs. Rotimi A. O. 1. Define autotrophs and heterothrophs Authotrophs are organisms that have the ability to synthesize their own food. E.g plants and algae. They make their own food from inorganic substan ...
MAKEUP: Briefly discuss functions of the liver
... o Protein synthesis Lipoproteins - Catabolic Functions: o CHO: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (via acetyl CoA formation from fatty acid breakdown) → maintain BSL o Fats: ↑lipolysis Ketone body formation Bile Acid formation (for fat absorption) o Proteins Ammonium formation (via glutathione ...
... o Protein synthesis Lipoproteins - Catabolic Functions: o CHO: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (via acetyl CoA formation from fatty acid breakdown) → maintain BSL o Fats: ↑lipolysis Ketone body formation Bile Acid formation (for fat absorption) o Proteins Ammonium formation (via glutathione ...
Chapter 7
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
BSCA Questions: Biochemistry
... Ribosomes are found in which type of cell? A. Eukaryotic cells only B. Prokaryotic cells only C. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells D. Neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells ...
... Ribosomes are found in which type of cell? A. Eukaryotic cells only B. Prokaryotic cells only C. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells D. Neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑