Aerobic Energy Systems
... ATP can be resynthesised from the breakdown of carbohydrates (into glucose), fats (into fatty acids and glycerol), and protein (into amino acids). Any excess glucose can be stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen. Glycerol can be converted into glucose when glycogen stores have been depleted (e. ...
... ATP can be resynthesised from the breakdown of carbohydrates (into glucose), fats (into fatty acids and glycerol), and protein (into amino acids). Any excess glucose can be stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen. Glycerol can be converted into glucose when glycogen stores have been depleted (e. ...
fermentations
... In the presence of a fermetable sugar and L-malate, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus Carry out the malo-lactic fermentation: Malic enzyme ...
... In the presence of a fermetable sugar and L-malate, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus Carry out the malo-lactic fermentation: Malic enzyme ...
Microbial metabolism
... difference between these two – also a note on this slide saying I just want them to know that for both SLP and OP the energy yielod is greatest for aerobic respiration, lowest for fermentation and intermediate for anaerobic respiration; and also that in fermentation there is ONLY substrate level pho ...
... difference between these two – also a note on this slide saying I just want them to know that for both SLP and OP the energy yielod is greatest for aerobic respiration, lowest for fermentation and intermediate for anaerobic respiration; and also that in fermentation there is ONLY substrate level pho ...
AP Biology Question Set
... 47. The pH optimum of amylase is approximately 7. At that pH, the protein has the threedimensional shape to allow starch to bind to its active site and catalyze its hydrolysis. When it is at the stomach pH (approxi mately 2), the protein is denatured, and its three-dimensional shape and active site ...
... 47. The pH optimum of amylase is approximately 7. At that pH, the protein has the threedimensional shape to allow starch to bind to its active site and catalyze its hydrolysis. When it is at the stomach pH (approxi mately 2), the protein is denatured, and its three-dimensional shape and active site ...
Lipids lecture(6) by Prof.Dr.Moaed Al
... Degraded by pancreatic lipase (hydrolyzes C-1 and C-3 ---> 2 fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol). Can then be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells; bile salts are recirculated after being absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells. In the cells, fatty acids are converted by fatty acyl CoA ...
... Degraded by pancreatic lipase (hydrolyzes C-1 and C-3 ---> 2 fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol). Can then be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells; bile salts are recirculated after being absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells. In the cells, fatty acids are converted by fatty acyl CoA ...
Nerve activates contraction
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
You Light Up My Life
... Lactate Fermentation • Carried out by certain bacteria • No mitochondria, so where does this take place? • Electron transfer chain is in bacterial plasma membrane • Final electron acceptor is compound from environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
... Lactate Fermentation • Carried out by certain bacteria • No mitochondria, so where does this take place? • Electron transfer chain is in bacterial plasma membrane • Final electron acceptor is compound from environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
BIOCHEM MID SEM EXAM 2014 The Foundations of Biochemistry
... Qu. Describe the physical foundations of biochemistry. 1. Energyà ATP àADP + Pi, ΔG = ΔH –T.ΔS Qu. How is ATP produced? 1. Glycolysisà occurs in the cytosol. It’s the pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. o The energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH ...
... Qu. Describe the physical foundations of biochemistry. 1. Energyà ATP àADP + Pi, ΔG = ΔH –T.ΔS Qu. How is ATP produced? 1. Glycolysisà occurs in the cytosol. It’s the pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. o The energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH ...
Cell Energy
... • Another type of anaerobic respiration is alcohol fermentation. This form of respiration occurs in yeast. • We use this form of respiration causing bread to rise(CO2 causes the bread to rise, the alcohol evaporates) and in the production of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and alcohol products. ...
... • Another type of anaerobic respiration is alcohol fermentation. This form of respiration occurs in yeast. • We use this form of respiration causing bread to rise(CO2 causes the bread to rise, the alcohol evaporates) and in the production of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and alcohol products. ...
How Cell Harvest Energy
... 23. Explain why respiration is considered exergonic. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is the main reason energy is harvested in stages in respiration ________________________ ...
... 23. Explain why respiration is considered exergonic. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is the main reason energy is harvested in stages in respiration ________________________ ...
Chapter 3: Bioenergetics
... • Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions • In cells often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron, and therefore is oxidized ...
... • Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions • In cells often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons – Hydrogen atom contains one electron – A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron, and therefore is oxidized ...
Who Wants To Be A Biologist?
... light-dependent reactions. This part of the light reactions makes ATP, which goes to the dark reactions to make glucose. ...
... light-dependent reactions. This part of the light reactions makes ATP, which goes to the dark reactions to make glucose. ...
2 Lec 4 Muscle Metabolism V10
... • Important for the first 30 – 40 sec. of strenuous activity if enzymes and fuel are available • Stored ATP, CP and glycolysis can support strenuous muscle activity for 60 sec. • At full speed lactic acid accumulates, lowering pH which halts reaction • At full speed, glucose might not be supplied fa ...
... • Important for the first 30 – 40 sec. of strenuous activity if enzymes and fuel are available • Stored ATP, CP and glycolysis can support strenuous muscle activity for 60 sec. • At full speed lactic acid accumulates, lowering pH which halts reaction • At full speed, glucose might not be supplied fa ...
Cellular Respiration
... 11. Which part of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? a. the Krebs cycle b. glycolysis c. fermentation d. the electron transport chain 12. How many pyruvate molecules are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 13. Cellular respiration that proceeds ...
... 11. Which part of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? a. the Krebs cycle b. glycolysis c. fermentation d. the electron transport chain 12. How many pyruvate molecules are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 13. Cellular respiration that proceeds ...
Lecture03
... – Glycolysis breaks a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules. • These molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+ , forming NADH. ...
... – Glycolysis breaks a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules. • These molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+ , forming NADH. ...
The Citric acid cycle (2)
... – So, components of the cycle have a direct or indirect controlling effects in key enzymes of other pathways. ...
... – So, components of the cycle have a direct or indirect controlling effects in key enzymes of other pathways. ...
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell
... All cells in the body convert glucose and other fuels to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signalin ...
... All cells in the body convert glucose and other fuels to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signalin ...
Cellular Respiration
... 11. List the 3 stages of cellular respiration, state what part of the mitochondria each occurs, and state the output of each stage. 12. What final element is needed to have the process of cellular respiration complete (the last thing to receive the electrons and protons that were moving around). 13. ...
... 11. List the 3 stages of cellular respiration, state what part of the mitochondria each occurs, and state the output of each stage. 12. What final element is needed to have the process of cellular respiration complete (the last thing to receive the electrons and protons that were moving around). 13. ...
Chap 9 PowerPoint file (*)
... from molecule to molecule until they combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. • As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. • Oxidative phosphorylation ...
... from molecule to molecule until they combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. • As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. • Oxidative phosphorylation ...
Cellular Respiration
... into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate (pyruvic acid) occurs in all cells gives a net gain of 2 ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration it is the only stage of respiration ...
... into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate (pyruvic acid) occurs in all cells gives a net gain of 2 ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration it is the only stage of respiration ...
Topics To Know For Chapters 8-10
... alcoholic fermentation? Which industries depend on this process? - glucose - CO2 - pyruvate - ATP (total and net) - alcohol - substrate phosphorylation 36. Be able to describe the events of lactic acid fermentation. What kind of cells carry out lactic acid fermentation? - skeletal muscle - oxygen de ...
... alcoholic fermentation? Which industries depend on this process? - glucose - CO2 - pyruvate - ATP (total and net) - alcohol - substrate phosphorylation 36. Be able to describe the events of lactic acid fermentation. What kind of cells carry out lactic acid fermentation? - skeletal muscle - oxygen de ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑