Document
... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
Discovery of substrate cycles in large scale metabolic networks
... Retroactive Distance (ShReD), to assess the degree of mutual influence, or retroactive interactions, between reactions in a metabolic network. This metric was used to hierarchically partition a metabolic network into modules that are enriched in allosteric feedback loops and metabolic cycles [3]. Pa ...
... Retroactive Distance (ShReD), to assess the degree of mutual influence, or retroactive interactions, between reactions in a metabolic network. This metric was used to hierarchically partition a metabolic network into modules that are enriched in allosteric feedback loops and metabolic cycles [3]. Pa ...
BISC 330L – Biochemistry Lab Syllabus
... You are required to attend the weekly laboratory session in your registered section. You are also to remain for the entire lab session or until excused by your TA. Do not schedule any appointments during your regular lab periods. Students who are within 5 points of a grade borderline at the end of t ...
... You are required to attend the weekly laboratory session in your registered section. You are also to remain for the entire lab session or until excused by your TA. Do not schedule any appointments during your regular lab periods. Students who are within 5 points of a grade borderline at the end of t ...
Bile Acids and Bile Acid Sequestrants
... SHP is unusual for a nuclear receptor in that it lacks a DNA binding domain. Therefore technically it is neither a transcription factor nor nuclear receptor but nevertheless it is still classified as such due to relatively high sequence homology with other nuclear receptor family members. The main f ...
... SHP is unusual for a nuclear receptor in that it lacks a DNA binding domain. Therefore technically it is neither a transcription factor nor nuclear receptor but nevertheless it is still classified as such due to relatively high sequence homology with other nuclear receptor family members. The main f ...
Pathophys - Endocrine
... 3) ↑uricemia 4) ↑transaminase 5) hepatotoxic (rare) 1) myalgias 2) myopathies 3) ↑transaminase ...
... 3) ↑uricemia 4) ↑transaminase 5) hepatotoxic (rare) 1) myalgias 2) myopathies 3) ↑transaminase ...
reprint - Charles Brenner Laboratory
... glucagon, which is released from pancreatic a-cells in response to decreasing blood glucose. Glucagon binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in liver and other tissues, producing successive activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose- ...
... glucagon, which is released from pancreatic a-cells in response to decreasing blood glucose. Glucagon binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in liver and other tissues, producing successive activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose- ...
Lactic Acidosis
... pyruvate + NADH + H+ ← Pyruvate is generated largely by anaerobic glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof pathway). The redox-coupled interconversion of pyruvate and lactate occurs in the cytosol and is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a tetramer with five isoforms, each made up of different combinatio ...
... pyruvate + NADH + H+ ← Pyruvate is generated largely by anaerobic glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof pathway). The redox-coupled interconversion of pyruvate and lactate occurs in the cytosol and is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a tetramer with five isoforms, each made up of different combinatio ...
... ABSTRACT: Hypoxia is well known to affect carbohydrate metabolism through its action on liver function and thus on glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolic responses to 48 h of hypoxia, as well as the hormonal adaptations using both norm ...
Reactivation of Creatine Kinase by Dithiothreitol Prior to Use
... in water containing 50% glycerol for further use and long-term storage in the freezer. This enzyme catalyses the reversible tra sfer of a phosphoryl group from creatine phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to regenerate ATP under physiological pH. It is active as a dimer with two reduced identical sub ...
... in water containing 50% glycerol for further use and long-term storage in the freezer. This enzyme catalyses the reversible tra sfer of a phosphoryl group from creatine phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to regenerate ATP under physiological pH. It is active as a dimer with two reduced identical sub ...
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
... levels of metabolic activity inside. This metabolic activity comprises of an enormous number of chemical reactions taking place simultaneously and rapidly that change chemical species from one to another thereby resulting in energetic transactions leading to biochemical functionalities. These chemic ...
... levels of metabolic activity inside. This metabolic activity comprises of an enormous number of chemical reactions taking place simultaneously and rapidly that change chemical species from one to another thereby resulting in energetic transactions leading to biochemical functionalities. These chemic ...
Objectives 19 - u.arizona.edu
... 1. HEME SYNTHESIS - heme is an iron containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes - heme binds O2, participates in electron transfer, or oxidizes exogenous molecule - reaction for synthesis occur both in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix; final step of pathway incorp ...
... 1. HEME SYNTHESIS - heme is an iron containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes - heme binds O2, participates in electron transfer, or oxidizes exogenous molecule - reaction for synthesis occur both in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix; final step of pathway incorp ...
1 Regulation of Substrate Oxidation Preferences in Muscle by the
... Rigorous control of substrate oxidation by humoral factors is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Carbohydrate and fat are two primary substrates in oxidative metabolism during feeding and fasting cycles. Here, we report a novel role for the peptide hormone adropin in regulating substra ...
... Rigorous control of substrate oxidation by humoral factors is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Carbohydrate and fat are two primary substrates in oxidative metabolism during feeding and fasting cycles. Here, we report a novel role for the peptide hormone adropin in regulating substra ...
Protein-Engineered Biocatalysts in Industry
... ■ Lowers blood cholesterol by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme ■ Discovered at Parke-Davis, later acquired by Pfizer ■ Best-selling drug of all time, with over $125 billion in total sales ...
... ■ Lowers blood cholesterol by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme ■ Discovered at Parke-Davis, later acquired by Pfizer ■ Best-selling drug of all time, with over $125 billion in total sales ...
The ecology and taxonomy of anaerobic halophilic eubacteria
... the bottom sediments. Anaerobic halophilic bacteria were recovered from these sediments as early as 1943 [6], but unfortunately these early isolates have not been preserved. In February 1979, an overturn of the lake's water column caused a complete mixing, and oxygen penetrated down to the bottom. H ...
... the bottom sediments. Anaerobic halophilic bacteria were recovered from these sediments as early as 1943 [6], but unfortunately these early isolates have not been preserved. In February 1979, an overturn of the lake's water column caused a complete mixing, and oxygen penetrated down to the bottom. H ...
... As shown by the ICP-MS analysis of the culture broth, a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of each of the metal ions i.e. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ion was observed, though at varying rates (Fig. 4). As previous work showed that different initial concentrations of Mg2+, Fe3+ ...
The Implausibility of Metabolic Cycles on the
... to some other energy-yielding reaction. In biochemistry, the carboxylation of pyruvic acid is coupled, through biotin, to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bonds of ATP. To realize the prebiotic counterpart, some equivalent coupling to an exergonic reaction would be necessary; for example, coupling to ...
... to some other energy-yielding reaction. In biochemistry, the carboxylation of pyruvic acid is coupled, through biotin, to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bonds of ATP. To realize the prebiotic counterpart, some equivalent coupling to an exergonic reaction would be necessary; for example, coupling to ...
NON-RADIOACTIVE ASSAY FOR ACETYL-CoA
... Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a key enzyme in oil biosynthesis and is critical for the oil deposition pathway. This biotinylated enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis, the ligation of a carbon to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase holoenzyme has fou ...
... Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a key enzyme in oil biosynthesis and is critical for the oil deposition pathway. This biotinylated enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis, the ligation of a carbon to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase holoenzyme has fou ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Which of the following single
... The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt is metabolically significant to nucleic acid metabolism because it: A. provides NADPH B. furnishes pentose phosphates C. is an alternative pathway for glycolysis D. stabilizes structure of DNA ...
... The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt is metabolically significant to nucleic acid metabolism because it: A. provides NADPH B. furnishes pentose phosphates C. is an alternative pathway for glycolysis D. stabilizes structure of DNA ...
Prolonged Triglyceride Storage in Macrophages
... living at a moderate level of hypoxia, suggesting that pHo may play a more important role in promoting TAG retention than does oxygen at this concentration. pHo-dependent changes in cell metabolism Although glycolysis increases when macrophages become hypoxic, we found that glucose uptake decreased ...
... living at a moderate level of hypoxia, suggesting that pHo may play a more important role in promoting TAG retention than does oxygen at this concentration. pHo-dependent changes in cell metabolism Although glycolysis increases when macrophages become hypoxic, we found that glucose uptake decreased ...
NAD (H) Linked Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions using Coupled
... Other similar studies for cofactor recycling have been done by Zahab et al. [6] and Luo et al. [7]. In the present work two enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Baker’s yeast and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Candida boidinii were immobilized on Alumina nanoparticles and cofactor recycling re ...
... Other similar studies for cofactor recycling have been done by Zahab et al. [6] and Luo et al. [7]. In the present work two enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Baker’s yeast and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Candida boidinii were immobilized on Alumina nanoparticles and cofactor recycling re ...
Lactate Acid Fermentation of Acetic Acid in the Butyric Spec. and the
... Bredemann, 1909; Boekhout and yan Beynum, 1929), including Pasteur (1862) and Beijerinck (1893), it is still a very poorly understood process. A natural butyric acid fermentation of lactate has been reported to occur commonly in low grade silage (van Beynum and Pette, 1936), and, under laboratory co ...
... Bredemann, 1909; Boekhout and yan Beynum, 1929), including Pasteur (1862) and Beijerinck (1893), it is still a very poorly understood process. A natural butyric acid fermentation of lactate has been reported to occur commonly in low grade silage (van Beynum and Pette, 1936), and, under laboratory co ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑