Slide 1
... This tutorial is based on an evolving subset of lectures and accompanying slides presented to medical students in the Cell Biology and Biochemistry course at the School of Medicine of the University of California, San Diego. I wish to thank Dr. Bridget Quinn and Dr. Keith Cross for aid in developing ...
... This tutorial is based on an evolving subset of lectures and accompanying slides presented to medical students in the Cell Biology and Biochemistry course at the School of Medicine of the University of California, San Diego. I wish to thank Dr. Bridget Quinn and Dr. Keith Cross for aid in developing ...
Role of changes in cardiac metabolism in development - AJP
... and accounts for ⬃70% of ATP generated in an aerobic heart. FA metabolism includes multiple steps and can be regulated by both acute and chronic mechanisms, with or without modulation of gene expression (Fig. 2). Lipoprotein lipase. Because the heart has limited capacity to synthesize and store FA, ...
... and accounts for ⬃70% of ATP generated in an aerobic heart. FA metabolism includes multiple steps and can be regulated by both acute and chronic mechanisms, with or without modulation of gene expression (Fig. 2). Lipoprotein lipase. Because the heart has limited capacity to synthesize and store FA, ...
Chapter 1. introduction
... Polarize the scissile bond or stabilize a negatively charge intermediate. Fig. 6.14 a Participate in biological oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible electron transfer between metal ions and substrate. Fig. 6.14 a ...
... Polarize the scissile bond or stabilize a negatively charge intermediate. Fig. 6.14 a Participate in biological oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible electron transfer between metal ions and substrate. Fig. 6.14 a ...
URIC ACID
... It is characterised by hyperuricaemia, mental deficiency, spasticity, choreoathetosis and self-mutilation. Hyperuricaemia is due to decreased activity of the salvage pathway causing decreased purine reutilization and increased uric acid synthesis. Relatively low levels of nucleotides result in decre ...
... It is characterised by hyperuricaemia, mental deficiency, spasticity, choreoathetosis and self-mutilation. Hyperuricaemia is due to decreased activity of the salvage pathway causing decreased purine reutilization and increased uric acid synthesis. Relatively low levels of nucleotides result in decre ...
Biotechnology for Biofuels
... Results and Discussion Construction of Ccel_0137 and Ccel_2485 mutations in C. cellulolyticum Insertion mutations in the paralogous ldh genes, Ccel_0137 and Ccel_2485, were constructed using pLyc1217Er-based vectors that encoded targeted introns (targetrons) specific for each gene. C. cellulolyticu ...
... Results and Discussion Construction of Ccel_0137 and Ccel_2485 mutations in C. cellulolyticum Insertion mutations in the paralogous ldh genes, Ccel_0137 and Ccel_2485, were constructed using pLyc1217Er-based vectors that encoded targeted introns (targetrons) specific for each gene. C. cellulolyticu ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... IRREVERSIBLE – inhibitor molecule can not be easily removed from enzyme i.e, enzyme is physically altered by binding of inhibitor • alkylating agents like iodoacetamide (bind to -SH’s) • organophosphorous compounds- nerve gases (SER) REVERSIBLE – enzyme activity may be restored by removing the inhib ...
... IRREVERSIBLE – inhibitor molecule can not be easily removed from enzyme i.e, enzyme is physically altered by binding of inhibitor • alkylating agents like iodoacetamide (bind to -SH’s) • organophosphorous compounds- nerve gases (SER) REVERSIBLE – enzyme activity may be restored by removing the inhib ...
ester formation in brewery fermentations
... solvent-like flavours. They are also important in low alcohol beer production due to the low levels produced, which can result in beers with little flavour. The factors influencing ester production are reviewed, together with the ways in which they can be used to control ester synthesis. It is belie ...
... solvent-like flavours. They are also important in low alcohol beer production due to the low levels produced, which can result in beers with little flavour. The factors influencing ester production are reviewed, together with the ways in which they can be used to control ester synthesis. It is belie ...
8)Discuss the roles of cofactors and coenzymes in enzyme activity.
... dissociated from the enzyme. Those are referred as coenzymes. Actually, they may be regarded as cosubstrates, since they participate stoichiometrically in the reaction and are consumed with the substrates. They act as acceptors or donors of atoms or of functional groups that are removed or added to ...
... dissociated from the enzyme. Those are referred as coenzymes. Actually, they may be regarded as cosubstrates, since they participate stoichiometrically in the reaction and are consumed with the substrates. They act as acceptors or donors of atoms or of functional groups that are removed or added to ...
Effects of Metformin and a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR
... targeted LC/MS/MS to characterize the alterations in glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolomics, and employed Western Blot analysis for cell signaling activation by phosphorylation. Comparisons between groups were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance followed by secondary post-hoc a ...
... targeted LC/MS/MS to characterize the alterations in glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolomics, and employed Western Blot analysis for cell signaling activation by phosphorylation. Comparisons between groups were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance followed by secondary post-hoc a ...
26. oxidation of amino acids
... mino acids are the final class of biomolecules whose oxidation makes a significant contribution towards generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itsel ...
... mino acids are the final class of biomolecules whose oxidation makes a significant contribution towards generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itsel ...
Management of type 2 diabetes: new and future developments in
... secretion.20 Roles have also been suggested for melatonin, through the melatonin receptor 1B, in reducing insulin secretion;5 and circadian genes and transcription factors (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocationlike) in insulin se ...
... secretion.20 Roles have also been suggested for melatonin, through the melatonin receptor 1B, in reducing insulin secretion;5 and circadian genes and transcription factors (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocationlike) in insulin se ...
Identification of the Human Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter (GLUT1
... GLUTI comprises 6% of total human red blood cell protein. The ease ...
... GLUTI comprises 6% of total human red blood cell protein. The ease ...
Leptin Exhibits Pluripotent Effects on Appetite and Metabolism
... leptin’s inhibition of food intake. In the ARC are neurons that both stimulate appetite – through two hormones: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and inhibit appetite – through proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that activate the appetite suppressing pathway which includes the ...
... leptin’s inhibition of food intake. In the ARC are neurons that both stimulate appetite – through two hormones: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and inhibit appetite – through proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that activate the appetite suppressing pathway which includes the ...
Growth-limiting Intracellular Metabolites in Yeast Growing Under Diverse Nutrient Limitations.
... et al., 1998) of the metabolites to view the relative differences and similarities in metabolite concentrations among conditions (Figure 1, for alternative color scheme see Supplemental Figure S2). This display suggests several general conclusions. First, metabolites belonging to the same class, suc ...
... et al., 1998) of the metabolites to view the relative differences and similarities in metabolite concentrations among conditions (Figure 1, for alternative color scheme see Supplemental Figure S2). This display suggests several general conclusions. First, metabolites belonging to the same class, suc ...
Chapter 3. Enzymes
... possible. Enzymes accelerate reactions by factors of at least a million, but not change the equilibrium; b) enzymes are highly specific for their reactants which are so called “substrates”; ...
... possible. Enzymes accelerate reactions by factors of at least a million, but not change the equilibrium; b) enzymes are highly specific for their reactants which are so called “substrates”; ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... morbidity and mortality. • This raises the question as to whether homocysteine is a cause of the vascular damage or merely a marker of such damage. • [Note: Large elevations in plasma homocysteine as a result of rare deficiencies in cystathionine β-synthase are seen in patients with classic homocyst ...
... morbidity and mortality. • This raises the question as to whether homocysteine is a cause of the vascular damage or merely a marker of such damage. • [Note: Large elevations in plasma homocysteine as a result of rare deficiencies in cystathionine β-synthase are seen in patients with classic homocyst ...
respiration
... Results and discussion At the end of the experiment, the liquid level in arm A rises and the liquid level in arm B falls. This is because the mouse releases heat which warms up the air in the test tube on the side where it is. The expansion of air inside the tube increases the pressure. This causes ...
... Results and discussion At the end of the experiment, the liquid level in arm A rises and the liquid level in arm B falls. This is because the mouse releases heat which warms up the air in the test tube on the side where it is. The expansion of air inside the tube increases the pressure. This causes ...
Glycogen branches out: new perspectives on the role of glycogen
... phosphorylase is also allosterically activated by increased [Pi] within the cell, which rises as ATP levels fall, reflecting an energy deficit. As activity continues, glycogen phosphorylase may also be activated in response to increased extracellular epinephrine levels, which result in activation of ...
... phosphorylase is also allosterically activated by increased [Pi] within the cell, which rises as ATP levels fall, reflecting an energy deficit. As activity continues, glycogen phosphorylase may also be activated in response to increased extracellular epinephrine levels, which result in activation of ...
The Liver - cloudfront.net
... Bile plays an important role in digestion, and bile production is one of the main functions of the liver. Bile consists primarily of bile salts, water, and bile pigments such as bilirubin (which is created when old red blood cells [RBCs] break down) and biliverdin.3 Bile salts enhance the absorption ...
... Bile plays an important role in digestion, and bile production is one of the main functions of the liver. Bile consists primarily of bile salts, water, and bile pigments such as bilirubin (which is created when old red blood cells [RBCs] break down) and biliverdin.3 Bile salts enhance the absorption ...
Alternative routes of acetyl-CoA synthesis identified
... synthesis. Moreover, the formation of lipid droplets, which mainly contain TAG and steryl esters, is a prerequisite for fungal oleaginicity as well as peroxisomal b-oxidation (Athenstaedt et al., 2006; Beopoulos et al., 2008; Daum et al., 2007). Although these processes seem to be conserved, there i ...
... synthesis. Moreover, the formation of lipid droplets, which mainly contain TAG and steryl esters, is a prerequisite for fungal oleaginicity as well as peroxisomal b-oxidation (Athenstaedt et al., 2006; Beopoulos et al., 2008; Daum et al., 2007). Although these processes seem to be conserved, there i ...
Enzyme
... b) carboxylases need ATP for their function c) kinases transfer a phosphate from an energy rich compound to a substrate d) hydroxylases catalyze oxidation of a substrate ...
... b) carboxylases need ATP for their function c) kinases transfer a phosphate from an energy rich compound to a substrate d) hydroxylases catalyze oxidation of a substrate ...
Site-directed mutagenesis of key amino acids in the active site of
... specificity for sucrose, which is the best substrate for the enzyme. AS synthesises, from this high-energy substrate, an amylose-like polymer. In addition, it catalyses the transfer of glucose units from sucrose onto acceptor molecules like glucose, maltooligosaccharides or glycogen. Finally, it cat ...
... specificity for sucrose, which is the best substrate for the enzyme. AS synthesises, from this high-energy substrate, an amylose-like polymer. In addition, it catalyses the transfer of glucose units from sucrose onto acceptor molecules like glucose, maltooligosaccharides or glycogen. Finally, it cat ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑