Adaptation to hypoxia alters energy metabolism in rat - AJP
... were elicited by addition of 250 nmol of ADP. Enzyme activities. Cytochrome-c oxidase activity was measured polarographically (17) as described above in a medium containing 50 mM KH2PO4 and 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4. The substrate was 0.04 mM cytochrome c, 0.63 mM N,N,N8, N8tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene, ...
... were elicited by addition of 250 nmol of ADP. Enzyme activities. Cytochrome-c oxidase activity was measured polarographically (17) as described above in a medium containing 50 mM KH2PO4 and 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4. The substrate was 0.04 mM cytochrome c, 0.63 mM N,N,N8, N8tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene, ...
Characterization of the mineral phosphate solubilizing activity of
... et al. 2004). The literature describes these PSM as belonging essentially to the bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pantoea, Rhizobium… and to the fungal genera Aspergillus, Penicillium… (Antoun et al. 1998; Buch et al. 2008; Gulati et al. 2008; Son et al. 2006; Sulbarán et al. 20 ...
... et al. 2004). The literature describes these PSM as belonging essentially to the bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pantoea, Rhizobium… and to the fungal genera Aspergillus, Penicillium… (Antoun et al. 1998; Buch et al. 2008; Gulati et al. 2008; Son et al. 2006; Sulbarán et al. 20 ...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignment of the
... for successive coupling to a growing COOH-terminal fragment may be of value in the syntheses of longchained polypeptides or proteins. We have described a modified solid phase method in which peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method of Merrifield and then coupled with the protected NH2-ter ...
... for successive coupling to a growing COOH-terminal fragment may be of value in the syntheses of longchained polypeptides or proteins. We have described a modified solid phase method in which peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method of Merrifield and then coupled with the protected NH2-ter ...
Mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle insulin resistance induced
... expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Schmid et al. [72] demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice submitted to high-fat diet present reduced expression of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, and ATP synthase in skeletal muscle. In addition, other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway have been s ...
... expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Schmid et al. [72] demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice submitted to high-fat diet present reduced expression of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, and ATP synthase in skeletal muscle. In addition, other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway have been s ...
Pathophysiology of hepatic failure
... - activation of Kupfer cells by systemic toxemia - Kupfer cells produce endogenous mediators stimulating both insulin and glucagon release b., up take of insulin and glucagon by insuf. liver cells possible mechanism involved: - inability of damaged cells to increase expression of receptor molecule ...
... - activation of Kupfer cells by systemic toxemia - Kupfer cells produce endogenous mediators stimulating both insulin and glucagon release b., up take of insulin and glucagon by insuf. liver cells possible mechanism involved: - inability of damaged cells to increase expression of receptor molecule ...
Resting muscle
... During exertion, lactate diffuses out of the muscle fibers into the bloodstream. The liver absorbs the lactate and converts it to pyruvate. About 30% of the pyruvate is broken down in the Citric Acid Cycle, providing the ATP needed to convert the other pyruvate molecules to glucose. Glucose is then ...
... During exertion, lactate diffuses out of the muscle fibers into the bloodstream. The liver absorbs the lactate and converts it to pyruvate. About 30% of the pyruvate is broken down in the Citric Acid Cycle, providing the ATP needed to convert the other pyruvate molecules to glucose. Glucose is then ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate stemming from glycolysis in Euglena is reduced to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate:NADP1 oxidoreductase (PNO), an oxygen-sensitive enzyme (Inui et al. 1987; Rotte et al. 2001) that also was recently found in the anaerobic protist Blastocystis (Lantsman et al. 2008). The ...
... In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate stemming from glycolysis in Euglena is reduced to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate:NADP1 oxidoreductase (PNO), an oxygen-sensitive enzyme (Inui et al. 1987; Rotte et al. 2001) that also was recently found in the anaerobic protist Blastocystis (Lantsman et al. 2008). The ...
Metabolic Flux Analysis on the Production of Poly(3 - Wiley-VCH
... recovery processes (Lee, 1996a,b; Choi et al., 1998; Choi and Lee, 1999a,b). Process design and economic analysis of SCL-PHA production by various bacteria have been reported, which provided the guidelines for designing an efficient means of PHA production (Choi and Lee, 1997, 1999c, 2000; Lee and C ...
... recovery processes (Lee, 1996a,b; Choi et al., 1998; Choi and Lee, 1999a,b). Process design and economic analysis of SCL-PHA production by various bacteria have been reported, which provided the guidelines for designing an efficient means of PHA production (Choi and Lee, 1997, 1999c, 2000; Lee and C ...
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood
... the almost total reliance on anaerobic glycolysis by asexual bloodstage malaria parasites, a small amount of electron transport activity within the mitochondrion is crucial to regenerate ubiquinone required as the electron acceptor for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for pyrimidine ...
... the almost total reliance on anaerobic glycolysis by asexual bloodstage malaria parasites, a small amount of electron transport activity within the mitochondrion is crucial to regenerate ubiquinone required as the electron acceptor for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for pyrimidine ...
Teacher`s Guide - American Chemical Society
... a. First, yeast breaks down the sucrose (sugar) into glucose and fructose. b. These two sugars undergo fermentation by the yeast, producing alcohol. c. Some of the alcohol is also converted to acetic acid by bacterial action. 6. In the fermentation process, what causes a pH change in the mixture? Ba ...
... a. First, yeast breaks down the sucrose (sugar) into glucose and fructose. b. These two sugars undergo fermentation by the yeast, producing alcohol. c. Some of the alcohol is also converted to acetic acid by bacterial action. 6. In the fermentation process, what causes a pH change in the mixture? Ba ...
Substrate specificity of protein kinase A in reaction with
... binding loop. The Asp184, correctly positioned by the anchoring hydrophobic interactions of the neighbouring phenylalanine, is one of the ligands of the magnesium ion coordination sphere, which in turn coordinates the β- and γ-phosphates of ATP. The DFG motif is followed by beta strand 9 and the act ...
... binding loop. The Asp184, correctly positioned by the anchoring hydrophobic interactions of the neighbouring phenylalanine, is one of the ligands of the magnesium ion coordination sphere, which in turn coordinates the β- and γ-phosphates of ATP. The DFG motif is followed by beta strand 9 and the act ...
Enterobacteriaceae.
... IMViC Reactions I = Indole production from tryptophan M = methyl red test in which acidification of glucose broth (pH<4.4) due to formation of mixed carboxylic acids (lactic, acetic, formic) from pyruvate results in pH indicator methyl red turning red Vi = positive Voges-Proskauer test due to forma ...
... IMViC Reactions I = Indole production from tryptophan M = methyl red test in which acidification of glucose broth (pH<4.4) due to formation of mixed carboxylic acids (lactic, acetic, formic) from pyruvate results in pH indicator methyl red turning red Vi = positive Voges-Proskauer test due to forma ...
University of Groningen Fructosyltransferases of Lactobacillus
... photosynthesis, which is the process in which the sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy. During this process carbon dioxide and water are combined to form glucose and oxygen. The carbohydrates produced by photosynthizing organisms are in their turn degraded by non-photosynthesizing organism ...
... photosynthesis, which is the process in which the sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy. During this process carbon dioxide and water are combined to form glucose and oxygen. The carbohydrates produced by photosynthizing organisms are in their turn degraded by non-photosynthesizing organism ...
Enzymes | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
... temperature). Many of our enzymes denature above 50°C. Such enzymes would be useless for bacteria that live in hot springs, where temperatures are regularly 70°C or higher. These bacteria use enzymes that function with much higher optimum temperatures. Other organisms, like plants and reptiles, expe ...
... temperature). Many of our enzymes denature above 50°C. Such enzymes would be useless for bacteria that live in hot springs, where temperatures are regularly 70°C or higher. These bacteria use enzymes that function with much higher optimum temperatures. Other organisms, like plants and reptiles, expe ...
www.peerteaching.com
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
NAD Malic Enzyme and the Control of
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
Luminaries - Oxford Academic
... the biochemical energy of carbon-based nutrients into usable cellular energy. Some of the clues to this were published by Szent–Györgyi, who demonstrated succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate (all 4-carbon, C4, acid salts) oxidized as quickly as pyruvate and lactic acid (3-carbon acid salts) ...
... the biochemical energy of carbon-based nutrients into usable cellular energy. Some of the clues to this were published by Szent–Györgyi, who demonstrated succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate (all 4-carbon, C4, acid salts) oxidized as quickly as pyruvate and lactic acid (3-carbon acid salts) ...
Chapter 4
... In Summary Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached. The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold. Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain ...
... In Summary Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached. The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold. Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain ...
File - Mr. Arnold`s Classes
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C b. 18C c. 31C ...
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C b. 18C c. 31C ...
essential-biology-03-chemistry-of-life
... 126. A limiting factor is the one factor which is in shortest supply or is preventing the rate of a reaction from increasing. If this factor were increased, rate of reaction would increase until another plateau was reached. Explain HOW the following factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis of gr ...
... 126. A limiting factor is the one factor which is in shortest supply or is preventing the rate of a reaction from increasing. If this factor were increased, rate of reaction would increase until another plateau was reached. Explain HOW the following factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis of gr ...
Intermediary metabolism of fructose3
... are controlled by hormonal and of glycogen metabolism in liver ...
... are controlled by hormonal and of glycogen metabolism in liver ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... acids can be oxidized for energy production. The hormones epinephrine and glucagon, secreted in response to low blood glucose levels, activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase in the adipocyte plasma membrane (Fig. 17–3), which produces the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP; see Fig. 12–13) ...
... acids can be oxidized for energy production. The hormones epinephrine and glucagon, secreted in response to low blood glucose levels, activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase in the adipocyte plasma membrane (Fig. 17–3), which produces the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP; see Fig. 12–13) ...
a review on biochemical mechanism of fatty acids synthesis and oil
... have been identified. The quality of seed oil depends on the type of fatty acids esterified to glycerol. Finally, the TAGs are stored as lipid in seeds. The biosynthesis process of fatty acids and oil formation in seeds is reviewed in this manuscript. Keywords: Fatty Acids, Biosynthesis, Triacylglyc ...
... have been identified. The quality of seed oil depends on the type of fatty acids esterified to glycerol. Finally, the TAGs are stored as lipid in seeds. The biosynthesis process of fatty acids and oil formation in seeds is reviewed in this manuscript. Keywords: Fatty Acids, Biosynthesis, Triacylglyc ...
fatty acids: straight-chain saturated
... Successive molecules of malonyl-CoA are added to the single primer molecule of acetyl-CoA in a sequence of reactions catalysed by a multifunctional enzyme complex, the fatty acid synthetase, which can be of three types. In the Type I enzyme (FAS I) found in animals, the various sub-units carrying ou ...
... Successive molecules of malonyl-CoA are added to the single primer molecule of acetyl-CoA in a sequence of reactions catalysed by a multifunctional enzyme complex, the fatty acid synthetase, which can be of three types. In the Type I enzyme (FAS I) found in animals, the various sub-units carrying ou ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑