fatty acids: straight-chain saturated
... Successive molecules of malonyl-CoA are added to the single primer molecule of acetyl-CoA in a sequence of reactions catalysed by a multifunctional enzyme complex, the fatty acid synthetase, which can be of three types. In the Type I enzyme (FAS I) found in animals, the various sub-units carrying ou ...
... Successive molecules of malonyl-CoA are added to the single primer molecule of acetyl-CoA in a sequence of reactions catalysed by a multifunctional enzyme complex, the fatty acid synthetase, which can be of three types. In the Type I enzyme (FAS I) found in animals, the various sub-units carrying ou ...
Document
... Intracellular K+ is essential for a number of enzymemediated reactions such as pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis The extracellular potassium is important for its influence cardiac muscle ...
... Intracellular K+ is essential for a number of enzymemediated reactions such as pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis The extracellular potassium is important for its influence cardiac muscle ...
Cloning and Effective Induction of Escherichia coli
... ABSTRACT: The complete PCR-derived DNA fragment containing the structural gene for Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) gene was cloned into pET-26b, a T7 promoter-based expression vector. After transforming recombinant pET-ndk into the E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS, the expression of ndk ...
... ABSTRACT: The complete PCR-derived DNA fragment containing the structural gene for Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) gene was cloned into pET-26b, a T7 promoter-based expression vector. After transforming recombinant pET-ndk into the E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS, the expression of ndk ...
Table xx - Hindawi
... Axon guidance: The pathway shows three subpathways leading to input for the “Regulation of actin cytoskeleton” pathway. Chicken line differences resulted in a higher expression of all three subpathways in line B compared to line A. Following Salmonella infection both lines show up regulation of the ...
... Axon guidance: The pathway shows three subpathways leading to input for the “Regulation of actin cytoskeleton” pathway. Chicken line differences resulted in a higher expression of all three subpathways in line B compared to line A. Following Salmonella infection both lines show up regulation of the ...
Low Oxygen Response Mechanisms in Green Organisms
... Other glycolytic reactions may utilize the PPi available instead of ATP under oxygen deprivation, improving the net yield of ATP per mol of sucrose catabolized. The phosphorylation of fructose-6P to fructose-1,6P2 can be catalyzed by the unidirectional phosphofructokinase (PFK), which uses ATP as a ...
... Other glycolytic reactions may utilize the PPi available instead of ATP under oxygen deprivation, improving the net yield of ATP per mol of sucrose catabolized. The phosphorylation of fructose-6P to fructose-1,6P2 can be catalyzed by the unidirectional phosphofructokinase (PFK), which uses ATP as a ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... from CEA, France. At the end of the incubation period at 34 "C - 1 h for M . microti and M . avium, 20 h for M . leprae - bacteria were collected on G F C filters (Whatman) and washed four times with buffered Tween 80. The I4CO2 evolved during incubation was trapped in 400p1 I MNaOH. Assimilation wa ...
... from CEA, France. At the end of the incubation period at 34 "C - 1 h for M . microti and M . avium, 20 h for M . leprae - bacteria were collected on G F C filters (Whatman) and washed four times with buffered Tween 80. The I4CO2 evolved during incubation was trapped in 400p1 I MNaOH. Assimilation wa ...
emboj2009339-sup
... serum. The cells were then returned to basal medium in presence of insulin and rosiglitazone, which was replenished every other day. Fat accumulation was visualized by staining of lipids with Oil red O as described (Sakaue et al, 1998). For isolation of primary adipocytes, animal studies were conduc ...
... serum. The cells were then returned to basal medium in presence of insulin and rosiglitazone, which was replenished every other day. Fat accumulation was visualized by staining of lipids with Oil red O as described (Sakaue et al, 1998). For isolation of primary adipocytes, animal studies were conduc ...
Targeting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases: Small
... effective therapeutics of obesity and the ensuring comorbidities. Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are ratelimiting enzymes in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, catalyzing ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA [7-9]. This reaction continuously proceeds in two steps in participation of ...
... effective therapeutics of obesity and the ensuring comorbidities. Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are ratelimiting enzymes in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, catalyzing ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA [7-9]. This reaction continuously proceeds in two steps in participation of ...
Role of Krebs Cycle in the Mechanism of Stability Internal Medium
... display balance catabolic exergonic processes and anabolic endergonic processes [1,2]. Catabolic anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation of glycolysis exerts the driving mechanism as anabolic endergonic processes as well as catabolic anaerobic exergonic processes via sharing these reverse processes in “ ...
... display balance catabolic exergonic processes and anabolic endergonic processes [1,2]. Catabolic anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation of glycolysis exerts the driving mechanism as anabolic endergonic processes as well as catabolic anaerobic exergonic processes via sharing these reverse processes in “ ...
Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via
... of syndrome X than is lower body obesity (4, 22, 32, 49). This is primarily related to the amount of visceral fat rather than to the amount of subcutaneous fat (2–4). Visceral adipose tissue has metabolic characteristics that are unique in comparison with other adipose tissues. This is most pronounc ...
... of syndrome X than is lower body obesity (4, 22, 32, 49). This is primarily related to the amount of visceral fat rather than to the amount of subcutaneous fat (2–4). Visceral adipose tissue has metabolic characteristics that are unique in comparison with other adipose tissues. This is most pronounc ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Five
... Figure 2. The blood clotting cascade in humans. The active factors which are serine proteases, are underlined in bold green text. Active accessory factors, including calcium and membrane phospholipids (PL), are indicated in bold italic red text. Inactive factors are in plain text. Initiation of the ...
... Figure 2. The blood clotting cascade in humans. The active factors which are serine proteases, are underlined in bold green text. Active accessory factors, including calcium and membrane phospholipids (PL), are indicated in bold italic red text. Inactive factors are in plain text. Initiation of the ...
The KIebsieIIa pneumoniae cytochrome bd
... they require a source of low-potential reductant (between -400 and -500 mV at p H 7) as well as a minimum of 16 moles of ATP per mole of N, fixed (see Hill, 1992). The ability to fix N, is widely distributed amongst obligate anaerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aerobic prokaryotes (Young, 1 ...
... they require a source of low-potential reductant (between -400 and -500 mV at p H 7) as well as a minimum of 16 moles of ATP per mole of N, fixed (see Hill, 1992). The ability to fix N, is widely distributed amongst obligate anaerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aerobic prokaryotes (Young, 1 ...
Endocrine System
... Insulin inactivates liver phosphorylase which prevents glycogen break down It ↑ activity of glucokinase, causing the phosphorylation of glucose & then ...
... Insulin inactivates liver phosphorylase which prevents glycogen break down It ↑ activity of glucokinase, causing the phosphorylation of glucose & then ...
Fatigue During Muscular Exercise
... • The effect of exercise at an absolute or relative exercise intensity will be more severe on an untrained individual • Causes of muscle fatigue have been classified into central and peripheral • Central - includes CNS, motivation and psychological factors – restoration of force with external stimul ...
... • The effect of exercise at an absolute or relative exercise intensity will be more severe on an untrained individual • Causes of muscle fatigue have been classified into central and peripheral • Central - includes CNS, motivation and psychological factors – restoration of force with external stimul ...
Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid
... by NH 4HCO 3 administration, although there was an increase in PDV absorption of non-essential amino acids (P = 0⋅037) and a trend for higher liver O 2 consumption and portal appearance of total amino acid-N, glucogenic and non-essential amino acids at the highest level of infusion. PDV extraction o ...
... by NH 4HCO 3 administration, although there was an increase in PDV absorption of non-essential amino acids (P = 0⋅037) and a trend for higher liver O 2 consumption and portal appearance of total amino acid-N, glucogenic and non-essential amino acids at the highest level of infusion. PDV extraction o ...
Transcriptome analysis reveals unique C4
... oil, animal tissues and fungi [8]. Interest in ArA and other long-chain PUFAs inspired the search for new PUFA sources. Myrmecia incisa Reisigl H4301, a coccoid green microalga species of Trebouxiophyceae [9], has recently been reported to accumulate an unprecedentedly high amount of ArA-rich triacy ...
... oil, animal tissues and fungi [8]. Interest in ArA and other long-chain PUFAs inspired the search for new PUFA sources. Myrmecia incisa Reisigl H4301, a coccoid green microalga species of Trebouxiophyceae [9], has recently been reported to accumulate an unprecedentedly high amount of ArA-rich triacy ...
ENZYMES at Lew Port`s Biology Place
... to view the reaction without or with the enzyme present. 2) WITHOUT ENZYME: These two simple sugar molecules can combine to form a larger double sugar molecule if they come together at just the right angle. 3) Even though the molecules have collided often, they have not yet been at the correct angle ...
... to view the reaction without or with the enzyme present. 2) WITHOUT ENZYME: These two simple sugar molecules can combine to form a larger double sugar molecule if they come together at just the right angle. 3) Even though the molecules have collided often, they have not yet been at the correct angle ...
Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
View/Open - VUW research archive - Victoria University of Wellington
... Conditions for extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins were established. One hundred and seventy nine proteins were identified by MALDI mass spectrometry of tryptic digests of protein spots excised from Coomassie stained gels. All of the enzymes for conversion of glucose to ethano ...
... Conditions for extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins were established. One hundred and seventy nine proteins were identified by MALDI mass spectrometry of tryptic digests of protein spots excised from Coomassie stained gels. All of the enzymes for conversion of glucose to ethano ...
2.3.3 Protein and amino acid metabolism
... by covalent modification. The enzyme can exist in both dimeric and tetrameric forms. Glucagon activates the enzyme by means of protein kinase A phosphorylation. In addition to its role as a substrate, phenylalanine promotes its conversion to the more active, tetrameric form. Both types of activation ...
... by covalent modification. The enzyme can exist in both dimeric and tetrameric forms. Glucagon activates the enzyme by means of protein kinase A phosphorylation. In addition to its role as a substrate, phenylalanine promotes its conversion to the more active, tetrameric form. Both types of activation ...
What is Xtend - Bodybuilding.com Forums
... pyruvate or other TCA cycle intermediates that can be used for the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis. A ketogenic amino acid is metabolized via the fatty acid pathway and gives rise to actyl-CoA, a fatty acid precursor. Leucine is completely ketogenic, valine is completely glucogenic, an ...
... pyruvate or other TCA cycle intermediates that can be used for the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis. A ketogenic amino acid is metabolized via the fatty acid pathway and gives rise to actyl-CoA, a fatty acid precursor. Leucine is completely ketogenic, valine is completely glucogenic, an ...
Insulin hormone: Mechanism and effects on the body and
... metabolism regulation in association with glucagon. Regarding the insulin’s effects on carbohydrates, almost in all tissues (except brain) insulin increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells and shows and an effect to reduce the blood glucose levels. In other words, it have regulator r ...
... metabolism regulation in association with glucagon. Regarding the insulin’s effects on carbohydrates, almost in all tissues (except brain) insulin increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells and shows and an effect to reduce the blood glucose levels. In other words, it have regulator r ...
The biological synthesis of cholesterol
... In the early 1930's after decades of effort, the structural elucidation of cholesterol had reached the stage of completion and with this achievement one of the most brilliant chapters of organic chemistry came to a close. To chemists and biochemists alike the structure of cholesterol at once present ...
... In the early 1930's after decades of effort, the structural elucidation of cholesterol had reached the stage of completion and with this achievement one of the most brilliant chapters of organic chemistry came to a close. To chemists and biochemists alike the structure of cholesterol at once present ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑