Word
... amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. A simple calculator is supplied for your use during this exam. No other electronic or computational devices are to be used. Turn off cell phones; keep them out of sight. The proctors have the authority/responsibility ...
... amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. A simple calculator is supplied for your use during this exam. No other electronic or computational devices are to be used. Turn off cell phones; keep them out of sight. The proctors have the authority/responsibility ...
any molecule that is present in living organisms. Carbohydrates
... Hydrolysis: adding water to break down into monomers ...
... Hydrolysis: adding water to break down into monomers ...
new04CH4E28.62W
... w 1 mole of glycogen produces 3 mole ATP; 1 mole of glucose produces 2 mole of ATP. The difference is due to the fact that it takes 1 mole of ATP to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, where glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate and then to glucose-6-phosphate without the loss of 1 ATP. ...
... w 1 mole of glycogen produces 3 mole ATP; 1 mole of glucose produces 2 mole of ATP. The difference is due to the fact that it takes 1 mole of ATP to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, where glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate and then to glucose-6-phosphate without the loss of 1 ATP. ...
ALACTATE TRAINING: Does it Really Exist?
... • Synthesis of ATP from by‐products – ADP + Pi + energy ATP (via phosphorylation) – Can occur in absence or presence of O2 ...
... • Synthesis of ATP from by‐products – ADP + Pi + energy ATP (via phosphorylation) – Can occur in absence or presence of O2 ...
Functions - kcpe-kcse
... • The amount of energy needed to carry on vital life processes of the body when it is at complete rest. • e.g heartbeat, circulation, breathing, brain functions and other essential reactions in the organs. ...
... • The amount of energy needed to carry on vital life processes of the body when it is at complete rest. • e.g heartbeat, circulation, breathing, brain functions and other essential reactions in the organs. ...
Targeting glucose metabolism for cancer therapy
... Heiden et al., 2009) Glycolysis generates ATP with lower efficiency, but at a faster rate, than oxidative phosphorylation (Pfeiffer et al., 2001). This enhanced rate of ATP gen eration has been postulated to be bene ficial for rapidly proliferating cells. However, this is probably not the main rea ...
... Heiden et al., 2009) Glycolysis generates ATP with lower efficiency, but at a faster rate, than oxidative phosphorylation (Pfeiffer et al., 2001). This enhanced rate of ATP gen eration has been postulated to be bene ficial for rapidly proliferating cells. However, this is probably not the main rea ...
Muscle cells generate force by shortening their length via chemical
... 2) Major fuels: Glycolysis in cytosol and fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria, both create NADH 3) Mitochondria use NADH to make ATP with oxygen required as electron acceptor 4) Mitochondria #1 ATP production site if O2 present 5) What happens when ATP demand surpasses the supply of oxygen require ...
... 2) Major fuels: Glycolysis in cytosol and fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria, both create NADH 3) Mitochondria use NADH to make ATP with oxygen required as electron acceptor 4) Mitochondria #1 ATP production site if O2 present 5) What happens when ATP demand surpasses the supply of oxygen require ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
Reece9e_Lecture_C09
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
Chapter 10. Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle Life
... Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the H2O go? Where did the energy come from? What’s the energy used for? What will the C6H12O6 be used for? Where did the O2 come from? Where will the O2 go? What else is involved that is not listed in this ...
... Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the H2O go? Where did the energy come from? What’s the energy used for? What will the C6H12O6 be used for? Where did the O2 come from? Where will the O2 go? What else is involved that is not listed in this ...
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways
... Synthesis of new enzyme molecule • Enzyme concentration is much lower than the substrate concentration • The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is directly dependent upon the enzyme concentration • Induction by substrate or repression by product (on the level of transcription) – xenobiotics → ind ...
... Synthesis of new enzyme molecule • Enzyme concentration is much lower than the substrate concentration • The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is directly dependent upon the enzyme concentration • Induction by substrate or repression by product (on the level of transcription) – xenobiotics → ind ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... B) Rearrangement. C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
... B) Rearrangement. C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
Unit 4 Cellular Energetics Chp 9 Respiration Notes
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
... o These smaller sugars are then oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate, the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...
Respiration - shscience.net
... Definition- the exchange of CO2 and O2 AND it’s also the production of energy (ATP) • (it’s NOT just “breathing”. It is also the release of energy by our cells!) •it allows exchange of outside air and our circulatory system (blood transport) ...
... Definition- the exchange of CO2 and O2 AND it’s also the production of energy (ATP) • (it’s NOT just “breathing”. It is also the release of energy by our cells!) •it allows exchange of outside air and our circulatory system (blood transport) ...
Biology1FinalExam I F'04.doc
... a. entropy always increases. b. entropy always decreases. c. free energy always increases. d. free energy always decreases. e. anabolic reactions must always be paired with catabolic reactions. 16. The electron transport chain utilized to make ATP during photosynthesis by plants is located in the: a ...
... a. entropy always increases. b. entropy always decreases. c. free energy always increases. d. free energy always decreases. e. anabolic reactions must always be paired with catabolic reactions. 16. The electron transport chain utilized to make ATP during photosynthesis by plants is located in the: a ...
the chemical constituents of cells constituents include
... • insoluble in water • soluble in non polar solvents • esters of fatty acid and glycerol ...
... • insoluble in water • soluble in non polar solvents • esters of fatty acid and glycerol ...
Chapter 2- Biological Molecules Answers 36. c. the pentose sugar
... aqueous solution because the polar (hydrophilic) head is soluble in water, while the nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails are not. The hydrophilic heads will interact with the water on the outside and inside of the vesicle, while the hydrophobic tails interact with each other. 64. The molecular structure of ...
... aqueous solution because the polar (hydrophilic) head is soluble in water, while the nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails are not. The hydrophilic heads will interact with the water on the outside and inside of the vesicle, while the hydrophobic tails interact with each other. 64. The molecular structure of ...
Document
... the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate In gluconeogenesis these molecules are joined to make fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The same enzyme does the job: aldolase Slide 19 - Aldolase When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation ...
... the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate In gluconeogenesis these molecules are joined to make fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The same enzyme does the job: aldolase Slide 19 - Aldolase When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑